Name: atoms, bonds, and chemical reactions
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:20:59.000Z
Duration: 1 min 19 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Chemistry

Matter and its Interactions

PS.Chm.4.2

Chemical Reactions

A chemical reaction is a process where atoms in one or more substances, known as reactants, rearrange their structure by breaking the chemical bonds between their atoms and forming new bonds to create the products.
Consider the combustion of organic fuels. The molecules in the fuel, such as methane, react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.&#160;
For all chemical reactions, the number of atoms of each element of reactants is balanced with the products they generate.
For example, one molecule of nitrogen gas reacts with three molecules of hydrogen gas to yield two molecules of ammonia, incorporating the two nitrogen and six hydrogens in the product.
Under certain theoretical conditions, all chemical reactions can be reversible. In this case, ammonia can decompose to form the reactants, as indicated by two opposite-headed arrows.
These forward and reverse reactions can occur simultaneously and, if not disturbed, eventually achieve an equilibrium state with no net change in the amounts of reactants and products.

chemical reactions

A chemical reaction is a process by which the bonds in the atoms of substances are rearranged to generate new substances. Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction&#8212;the same type and number of atoms that make up the reactants are still present in the products. Merely, the rearrangement of chemical bonds produces new compounds.
<h4>Chemical Reactions Rearrange Atoms into New Substances</h4>
A chemical reaction takes starting materials&#8212;the reactants&#8212;and changes them into different substances&#8212;the products. The identities of the elements are the same on both sides of the equation, but they are arranged in different substances after the reaction occurs. In chemical reactions, the bonds between the atoms are broken and reformed, which means that the shared electrons among the atoms are rearranged. Reactions can be spontaneous or might only occur in the presence of an energy source&#8212;such as heat or light. Additionally, macromolecules can act as enzymes&#8212;catalysts that greatly speed up chemical reactions in biological systems. Most biological reactions would take far too long to complete without enzymes.
<h4>Chemical Reactions Can be Permanent or Reversible</h4>
Some reactions will proceed only in the forward direction until all reactants are used up, while others are reversible, with the products being able to convert back into the reactants if conditions change. Certain types of chemical reactions, such as combustion reactions or precipitation reactions that form a solid product from two dissolved substances, typically only proceed in one direction. An example of an irreversible reaction is the combustion of hydrocarbon fuel in the presence of atmospheric oxygen, which produces heat and light energy, carbon dioxide gas, and water. Other reactions occur in either direction until the reactants and products are at equilibrium&#8212;the point at which there is no net change in the concentration of reactants or products.
<h4>The Law of Conservation of Matter and Balanced Chemical Equations</h4>
In a chemical reaction, matter cannot be created or destroyed. This principle is known as the Law of Conservation of Matter. However, the formed products often contain different ratios of atoms than the reactants. A balanced chemical equation accounts for all of the atoms on both sides of the equation by adding coefficients to the products and reactants until the total number of each type of atom is equal on both sides of the equation. A coefficient applies to all the atoms in a compound, much like a mathematical coefficient applies to all of the variables contained in a parenthetical statement. For example, the reaction that generates water from hydrogen and oxygen gas is:
H2 + O2 &#8594; H2O
In this unbalanced equation, there are two hydrogen atoms on each side, but there are unequal numbers of oxygen atoms. To balance the equation, coefficients are added so that there are equal numbers of hydrogen and oxygen atoms on both sides:
2H2 + O2 &#8594; 2H2O
In the balanced equation, there are a total of four hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms on each side of the equation.
<h4>Chemical Reactions Power Cells</h4>
Two important processes that power much of all life on Earth are photosynthesis, which converts sunlight into the six-carbon sugar glucose, and cellular respiration, which converts glucose into usable energy. Both these essential reactions are, at their core, a pair of complementary chemical reactions. Photosynthetic organisms use the energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar and molecular oxygen. All aerobic organisms then use cellular respiration to break down that sugar&#8212;whether they made it or consumed it&#8212;in the presence of oxygen to produce energy for their basic needs.

A chemical reaction is a process by which the bonds in the atoms of substances are rearranged to generate new substances. Matter cannot be created or ...

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Biology

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Chemistry of Life

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

atoms, bonds, and chemical reactions

Chemical reactions rearrange atoms to form new substances. In a reaction, the starting materials are called reactants, and the new substances are called products. The atoms stay the same type and number, but their bonds change, so the substances become different compounds.

During a chemical reaction, bonds between atoms break and form again. This means the shared electrons are rearranged. Some reactions happen on their own, while others need an energy source such as heat or light. In biology, macromolecules can also work as enzymes, which are catalysts that speed up reactions. Without enzymes, many biological reactions would take too long.

Some chemical reactions move only in one direction. Others are reversible, so the products can change back into reactants if conditions change. Combustion reactions and precipitation reactions usually go forward only. Combustion of hydrocarbon fuel in oxygen is one example. It produces heat, light, carbon dioxide gas, and water.

Other reactions reach equilibrium, which is the point where there is no net change in the amounts of reactants or products. In every chemical reaction, matter cannot be created or destroyed. This is the Law of Conservation of Matter. Because of that, chemical equations must be balanced so each element has the same number of atoms on both sides.

Balanced equations use coefficients to match atoms on both sides. A coefficient applies to all atoms in a compound. For example, hydrogen and oxygen form water in the unbalanced equation H2 + O2 → H2O. When balanced, it becomes 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O. This gives four hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms on each side.

Chemical reactions also power major life processes. Photosynthesis uses sunlight to turn carbon dioxide and water into glucose, a six-carbon sugar, and molecular oxygen. Cellular respiration does the reverse in a useful way for cells. It breaks down glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce energy for basic needs. These two reactions work together in living systems.

Atoms, Bonds, and Chemical Reactions

the periodic table and organismal elements

the-periodic-table-and-organismal-elements

Periodic Table Basics for Living Things

The periodic table helps explain which elements living things need and how those elements are related. Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. There are 118 known elements, but not all occur naturally, and even fewer are essential for life. Living matter is made mostly of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen. Together, these elements make up most of the human body and are also found in all life on Earth. Smaller amounts of calcium,...

atomic structure

Atoms and Their Subatomic Particles

Atoms are the smallest units of elements, and they make up all matter. Each atom contains three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These particles give an atom its mass and its charge. The idea that matter is made of tiny particles goes back to Democritus, a Greek philosopher around 450 B.C. He used the word atomos, which means “indivisible.” The idea was not accepted at the time, but it returned many centuries later. In the 19th century, John Dalton proposed an atomic...

isotopes

Atomic Mass and Isotope Basics

Atomic mass and isotopes are linked by the number of protons and neutrons in an atom. The number of protons sets an element’s atomic number, or Z. For example, every atom with eight protons is oxygen. Atoms of the same element can still differ because they can have different numbers of neutrons. The mass number, or A, is the total of protons and neutrons. Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are called isotopes. Elements can have several isotopes. Carbon-12, carbon-13,...

electron behavior

Electron Shells and Valence Electrons

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that occupy regions around the positively charged nucleus of an atom. Their location is linked to energy levels called shells. They are also grouped into sub-shells and orbitals within each shell. An electron’s shell shows its general energy level. Electrons closer to the nucleus have less energy, while electrons farther away have more energy. The sub-shell gives a more exact location and energy level. An orbital is the shape of the region...

electron orbital model

Electron Orbitals and Energy Levels

Electron orbitals show where electrons are most likely to be found around the atomic nucleus. They also help explain energy levels, orbital shapes, and three-dimensional orientation. In an atom, electron location is described first by a shell, or principal energy level. It is then described by a subshell within that shell and by the individual orbitals inside each subshell. The first shell is closest to the nucleus. It has only one subshell and one spherical orbital, called the 1s orbital.

covalent bonds

Electronegativity and Covalent Bond Polarity

Covalent bonds form when two atoms share electrons to fill their valence shells. The way those shared electrons are pulled depends on electronegativity, which is an atom’s ability to attract electrons in a bond. When atoms have similar electronegativities, they form nonpolar covalent bonds. When their electronegativities differ, the bond is polar because the electrons are shared unevenly. The number of covalent bonds an atom can make depends on its valence electrons. Oxygen has six valence...

ionic bonds

Ionic Compounds and Electrolytes

Ionic compounds form when atoms gain or lose electrons to reach a more stable electron configuration. The charged particles that result are called ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged ions. The most reactive elements include those with one valence electron, such as potassium, and those that need one more valence electron, such as chlorine. Ions that lose electrons become positive cations. Ions that gain electrons become negative anions. Cations and anions...

hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen Bonds in Water

Hydrogen bonds in water are weak attractions between atoms that are already part of other chemical bonds. One atom is electronegative, such as oxygen, and carries a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that is bonded to another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge. These attractions form because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen. The electrons in that bond are shared unequally.

van der waals interactions

Intermolecular Forces in Polar Solutions

Intermolecular forces are the attractions and repulsions that act between atoms and molecules. These electrostatic forces come from particles with permanent, partial, or temporary charges. For neutral atoms and molecules, the main types are ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, and dispersion forces, which are together called van der Waals forces. Polar molecules have a partial positive end and a partial negative end. That separation of charge creates a dipole. In water, oxygen is more electronegative...

elements and compounds

Elements, Compounds, and Bonding

Elements and compounds are the two main kinds of pure substances. A pure substance contains only one kind of matter. An element contains only one type of atom. A compound contains two or more types of atoms joined by a chemical bond. Elements can be atomic or molecular, depending on their basic units. They are unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties. Ordinary chemical reactions cannot break an element into a smaller substance. There are 118 elements, but only 98...

molecular shapes

Electron Geometry and Lone Pairs

Electron geometry and lone pairs help explain why molecules take specific shapes. The arrangement of electron groups around a central atom controls the molecular geometry. Valence electrons form bonding pairs, which sit mainly between bonded atoms, or lone pairs, which belong to one atom only. Electron pairs in the valence shell spread out to reduce repulsion. They do this by maximizing the distance between one another. A diatomic molecule has two regions of electron density, and these are...

pH Scale in Everyday Solutions

pH measures how acidic or basic a water-based solution is. It depends on the concentration of hydronium ions, H3O+, in the solution. In one liter of pure water at neutral pH, there are 1×10−7 moles of hydronium ions. Because hydronium ion levels can vary over a very wide range, measuring pH directly in moles is not practical. The pH scale converts hydronium ion concentration into a negative logarithm. Pure water has a pH of 7 and is neutral. Most solutions fall between 0 and 14, but some, such...

Chemical reactions rearrange atoms to form new substances. In a reaction, the starting materials are called reactants, and the new substances are called products. The atoms stay the same type and number, but their bonds change, so the substances become different compounds. During a chemical reaction, bonds between atoms break and form again. This means the shared electrons are rearranged. Some reactions happen on their own, while others need an energy source such as heat or light. In biology,...

redox reactions

Electron Transfer in Redox

Redox reactions are chemical reactions that involve electron transfer between atoms or molecules. When one particle gains electrons, another must lose them at the same time. That is why oxidation and reduction always happen together. The two roles in a redox reaction are linked. The atom that is oxidized acts as the reducing agent, or reductant. The atom that is reduced acts as the oxidizing agent, or oxidant. A simple way to remember the ideas is OIL-RIG, which means oxidation is losing...

cohesion

Water Molecules and Surface Tension

Water molecules stick to each other through cohesion. Water is neutral overall, but it is a polar molecule. The oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge, and it can bind with a hydrogen atom that has a partial positive charge in another water molecule. This forms a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules, and these bonds give water its cohesive nature. Cohesion helps water form droplets on a surface. Water does not...

adhesion

Water Climbing by Adhesion

Water can climb or stick to surfaces because of adhesion, which is the attraction between different kinds of molecules. In water, this is easy to see on polar surfaces such as glass or cellulose in plants. The positive hydrogen side of water is more attracted to the negative oxygen in silica than to nearby water molecules. This attraction helps explain capillary action. If a narrow glass tube is placed in a beaker of water, water molecules attach to the tube’s surface and the water level rises.

states of water

Water Phase Changes and Ice Density

Water changes between solid, liquid, and gas states as temperature and molecular motion change. In this lesson, the focus is on how water freezes, melts, vaporizes, and returns to liquid or solid form. The balance between intermolecular forces, which pull molecules together, and kinetic energy, which pushes them apart, controls each state. Water freezes when intermolecular forces become stronger than kinetic energy. Unlike most substances, ice is less dense than liquid water. This happens...

specific heat

How Specific Heat Affects Temperature

Specific heat capacity describes how much energy a substance needs to rise by 1 degree Celsius for each gram. It is often written with calories, grams, and degrees Celsius, but it can also be shown in joules, kilograms, and Kelvin. For water, 1 gram needs 1 calorie to increase by 1°C, which is also written as 1 cal/g-°C or 4186 J/kg/K. Water has a high specific heat capacity, so it takes in a large amount of heat before its temperature changes much. It also gives off a lot of heat when it...

vaporization

Vaporization, Boiling, and Evaporation

Vaporization changes a liquid into vapor when temperature adds enough kinetic energy to overcome intermolecular forces. It is a surface phenomenon, which means it starts at the liquid’s surface. The energy needed to vaporize a set amount of liquid at a given pressure and constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization. Water shows this process clearly. When liquid water is vaporized, it becomes steam. One way this happens is boiling, which occurs when vapor bubbles form beneath the...

solvents

Water as a Biological Solvent

Water acts as a biological solvent in many living systems. A solvent is a substance, usually a liquid, that dissolves another substance called a solute. When a solvent and a solute mix, they form a solution, which is a uniform mixture of both parts. Water is called a universal biological solvent because its polar structure helps it dissolve many other polar compounds. Polarity means that one side of the molecule has a slight positive charge and the other side has a slight negative charge.

carbon skeletons

Carbon Backbones in Biomolecules

Carbon backbones give biological molecules their structure and flexibility. Living things are built from macromolecules that contain carbon atoms, and organic compounds are defined by a carbon backbone. Carbon is tetravalent, so each carbon atom can bond with four other atoms. Its valence electrons are stable, so carbon rarely becomes an ion. As carbon chains get longer, they can form ring structures, double bonds, and branching side chains. Carbon-carbon bonds create the carbon skeleton.

key terms and concepts

Explore how chemical reactions rearrange atoms, form new substances, balance equations, and power photosynthesis and cellular respiration in living systems.

Atoms, Bonds, and Chemical Reactions | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Matter And Its Interactions

HS-PS1-2

HS-PS1-4

HS-PS1-5

HS-PS1-7

Tennessee Academic Standards

Matter and Its Interactions

CHEM1.PS1.2

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

2.2.1 9C.1.2.1.2

Next Generation Science Standards

Physical Science

Energy

HS-PS3-3

HS-PS3-4

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

C-PS1-2

C-PS1-4

C-PS1-5

C-PS1-7

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Use models to compare nuclear reactions including alpha decay, beta decay and gamma decay; nuclear fusion and nuclear fission.

PS.Chm.1.2

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The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

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The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule

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Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the ...

Use models to explain how electrons are distributed in atoms.

PS.Chm.1.3

Periodic Classification of the Elements

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The Periodic Table

As early chemists discovered more elements, they realized that various elements could be grouped by their similar chemical behaviors. One such grouping ...

Atomic Mass

Atoms &mdash; and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them &mdash; are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 ...

Molar Mass

The identity of a substance is defined not only by the types of atoms or ions it contains but by the quantity of each type of atom or ion. For example, ...

Use the Periodic Table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the pattern of valence electrons in the outermost energy levels of atoms.

PS.Chm.2.1

atomic-radii-and-effective-nuclear-charge

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number ...

Ionic Radii

Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it ...

Ionization Energy

The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy ...

Electron Affinity

The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).



This process can be either ...

Construct an explanation to infer the atomic size, reactivity, electronegativity, and ionization energy of an element based on its position in the Periodic Table.

PS.Chm.2.2

Types of Chemical Bonds

Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert&#xA0;N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type and ...

Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule

Chemical bonds are complex interactions between two or more atoms or ions, which reduce the potential energy of the molecule. Gilbert N. Lewis developed a ...

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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The Born-Haber Cycle

Lattice Energy&#xA0;

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a ...

trends-in-lattice-energy-ion-size-and-charge

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

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Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

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Electronegativity

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Electronegativity values of ...

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Bond Polarity

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To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:


	Determine the ...

Analyze and interpret data to explain the mechanisms and properties of the two main types of intramolecular (ionic and covalent) bonds.

PS.Chm.3.1

Analyze the structure of atoms and isotopes.

Atoms, Bonds, and Chemical Reactions

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