Name: interphase in the cell cycle
Uploaded: 2021-04-07T12:12:01.000Z
Duration: 54 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

9-12

Biology

Heredity

Cellular genetics

Interphase

In eukaryotic cells, the largest portion of the cell cycle is interphase, which is divided into three stages, G1, S, and G2. In G1, the first gap phase, a newly generated daughter cell grows in size and prepares for DNA duplication in the next phase.

Now, in S, the synthesis phase, cells duplicate their nuclear DNA, which remains packaged as chromatin. Cells also duplicate the centrosomes, the microtubule organizing structure which form the mitotic spindle apparatus. Finally, in G2, the second gap phase, cells continue to grow, multiply organelles and proteins that are required for mitosis and replenish their energy stores. The cell is now ready to enter the first stage of mitosis.

interphase

The cell cycle occurs over approximately 24 hours (in a typical human cell) and in two distinct stages: interphase, which includes three phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, and G2), and mitosis (M). During interphase, which takes up about 95 percent of the duration of the eukaryotic cell cycle, cells grow and replicate their DNA in preparation for mitosis.

<h4>Phases of Interphase</h4>

Following each period of mitosis and cytokinesis, eukaryotic cells enter interphase, during which they grow and replicate their DNA in preparation for the next mitotic division.

During the G1 (gap 1) phase, cells grow continuously and prepare for DNA replication. During this phase, cells are metabolically active and copy essential organelles and biochemical molecules, such as proteins.

In the subsequent S (synthesis) phase of interphase, cells duplicate their nuclear DNA, which remains packaged in semi-condensed chromatin. During the S phase, cells also duplicate the centrosome, a microtubule-organizing structure that forms the mitotic spindle apparatus. The mitotic spindle separates chromosomes during mitosis.

In the G2 (gap 2) phase, which follows DNA synthesis, cells continue to grow and synthesize proteins and organelles to prepare for mitosis.

In human cells, the G1 phase spans approximately 11 hours, the S phase takes about 8 hours, and the G2 phase lasts about 4 hours. During G1, cells are diploid (2n, a pair of each chromosome). Following replication in S phase, cells increase their DNA content to 4n. Cells remain 4n until cytokinesis, at which point their DNA content is reduced to 2n.

The cell cycle occurs over approximately 24 hours (in a typical human cell) and in two distinct stages: interphase, which includes three phases of the ...

Education

JoVE Core

Molecular Biology

Unit 2

Cell Proliferation

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

interphase in the cell cycle

Interphase is the part of the cell cycle when a cell grows and prepares to divide. It is a major stage in the life of a cell, and it includes the phases G1, S, and G2.

During G1, the cell grows and carries out its normal functions. In the S phase, the cell copies its DNA. During G2, the cell continues to grow and gets ready for mitosis, the stage when the cell divides.

Interphase takes up most of the cell cycle. It gives the cell time to build materials, make a copy of its genetic information, and prepare for division. This preparation helps the cell divide successfully when the next stage begins.

Interphase in the Cell Cycle

what is the cell cycle?

Cell Growth and Division in the Cell Cycle

The cell cycle is the process that cells use to grow and divide. It helps living things make new cells for growth and repair. In many cases, it is also the way single cells reproduce. The cycle has two main parts: interphase and cell division. During interphase, the cell grows and prepares for division. During cell division, one cell splits into new cells. This sequence keeps cells in a repeating pattern of growth, copying, and splitting.

Interphase is the part of the cell cycle when a cell grows and prepares to divide. It is a major stage in the life of a cell, and it includes the phases G1, S, and G2. During G1, the cell grows and carries out its normal functions. In the S phase, the cell copies its DNA. During G2, the cell continues to grow and gets ready for mitosis, the stage when the cell divides. Interphase takes up most of the cell cycle. It gives the cell time to build materials, make a copy of its genetic...

the cell cycle control system

How Cell Division Is Controlled

The cell cycle is the organized process that controls cell division. It helps one cell divide into two daughter cells with chromosomes that match the parent cell. This process is essential for growth from a single-cell zygote and for tissue renewal in adult multicellular eukaryotes. Cell division also supports repair and replacement in the body. In bone marrow, stem cells divide to make new blood cells. When cell division happens without control, it can lead to cancer and many genetic diseases.

positive regulator molecules

Cyclins and Cdks in Cell Cycle Control

Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases help control how cells move through the cell cycle. These positive regulator molecules keep mitotic cell division on schedule so daughter cells can match the parent cell. When this control fails, errors in DNA replication or in the distribution of genetic material can create mutant cells that pass those changes to every new cell they form. Cell cycle checkpoints limit the spread of these abnormal cells. A checkpoint is a control point at a specific stage of...

inhibition of cdk activity

Cdk4/6 Blockers and Cell Cycle Control

Cdk4/6 blockers help control the cell cycle by stopping the signals that push cells from G1 into S phase. Cdks, or cyclin-dependent kinases, must bind cyclins to become active, and cyclin D often pairs with Cdk4/6 to form this active complex. The cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complex then phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein, or Rb, which normally acts as a tumor suppressor. When Rb is inactivated, cells can move into the next stage of division. In normal cells, Cdk activity is carefully regulated so...

s-cdk initiates dna replication

Cdk Control of DNA Replication Timing

Cdk control of DNA replication timing helps cells copy DNA once each cycle. The cell cycle has four main stages: G1, S, G2, and M. In G1, the cell grows. In S phase, it copies its DNA. In G2, it prepares to divide. In M phase, mitosis divides the cell content into two daughter cells. In eukaryotes, DNA replication starts at many sites on the chromosomes called origins of replication. These origins switch between two states during the cell cycle. In G1, a multiprotein pre-replicative complex,...

m-cdk drives transition into mitosis

Cell Cycle Kinases Trigger Entry into Mitosis

Cell cycle kinases help control the move from G2 into M phase. Checkpoints act as safeguards and gatekeepers, so the cell cycle can continue in good conditions and slow down or stop when problems appear. This regulation is called the cell cycle control system. Cyclin-dependent kinases, or Cdks, work with cyclins to manage cell cycle transitions. A key example is M-Cdk, which is made of Cdk1 bound to M cyclin. M-Cdk helps drive the shift from G2 to M phase by preparing the cell for mitosis. M...

mitogens and the cell cycle

EGF Signaling and Cancer Cell Growth

Epidermal growth factor, or EGF, is a mitogen that helps control cell division. Its receptor, EGFR, sits in the cell membrane and sends a growth signal when EGF binds to it. EGFR is part of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase receptors, and this signaling helps decide whether a cell will keep proliferating. In healthy tissue, the number of EGFR molecules on the cell surface is tightly regulated. This balance helps cell division match the tissue’s needs. In cancer cells, however, EGFR is often...

replicative cell senescence

Telomeres, Telomerase, and Tumor Control

Telomeres and telomerase help control how many times a cell can divide. Telomeres are short, repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes. They are covered by proteins that form a protective cap. In many human body cells, this cap gets a little shorter after each round of cell division. This shortening is part of replicative senescence, the point at which a cell stops dividing permanently. Embryonic stem cells make telomerase, an enzyme that adds telomeric repeats and supports repeated...

abnormal proliferation

Ras and MYC in Uncontrolled Cell Growth

Ras and MYC can drive abnormal cell proliferation, which is uncontrolled cell growth. Under normal conditions, most adult cells stay non-proliferative unless they receive internal or external signals to replace lost cells. In abnormal proliferation, cell division continues even after those signals stop. This persistent growth can lead to tumors. The tumor forms from damaged cells that keep copying themselves. Those cells pass the damage to daughter cells and to later generations of daughter...

cells coordinate growth and proliferation

cells-coordinate-growth-and-proliferation

Cell Size Control in Growth and Muscle

Cell size control helps cells keep their shape, function, and fitness. Many dividing cells grow and then double their mass before they divide. This coordination depends on checkpoints between cell cycle phases, which help the cell stay in balance. When checkpoint control fails, cells may grow without proper control. That loss of coordination can lead to uncontrolled growth and reduced cellular function. In adult tissues, non-dividing cells also adjust size based on metabolic state. Adult...

key terms and concepts

Learn how interphase fits into the cell cycle, including G1, S, and G2, and how cells grow, copy DNA, and prepare for mitosis.

Interphase in the Cell Cycle | JoVE K12

molecular biology

JoVE Core Molecular Biology showcases the molecular processes of the cell through clear and concise animated video lessons. Additionally, in scientist-in-action videos, these concepts' application is demonstrated through real experiments in modern laboratories.

myJoVE Corporation

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Modern genetics

Interphase in the Cell Cycle

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