Name: rna roles in protein synthesis
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T10:42:28.000Z
Duration: 1 min 20 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.1.5

Types of RNA

There are three types of RNA that have a direct role in protein synthesis&#8212;messenger RNA or mRNA, transfer RNA or tRNA, and ribosomal RNA or rRNA.
mRNA is first transcribed from DNA by complementary base pairing. In an mRNA molecule, codons, groups of three nucleotides, specify the amino acid sequence and indicate where protein synthesis should start and stop.
Translation occurs after the mRNA travels to the cytoplasm, where it is positioned on the small ribosomal subunit with the help of its rRNA.
Next, a tRNA molecule, with a three-nucleotide anticodon sequence on one end and a specific amino acid on the other, binds to a complementary codon in the mRNA.
The correct tRNAs bind to the mRNA sequentially, and the rRNA in the large ribosomal subunit catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids.
The ribosome travels down the mRNA creating a polypeptide with a sequence of amino acids specified by the mRNA.

types of rna

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse but Cooperative Functions 
The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA contains the information that encodes proteins, and RNA uses this information to direct protein synthesis.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the protein-coding RNA. It consists of codons&#8212;sequences of three nucleotides that encode a specific amino acid. Transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are non-coding RNA. tRNA acts as an adaptor molecule that reads the mRNA sequence and places amino acids in the correct order in the growing polypeptide chain. rRNA and other proteins make up the ribosome&#8212;the seat of protein synthesis in the cell. During translation, ribosomes move along an mRNA strand where they stabilize the binding of tRNA molecules and catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids. Thus, different types of RNA perform specific but complementary functions during protein synthesis.
Non-coding RNAs in Eukaryotes Regulate Gene Expression
Non-coding RNAs other than tRNA and rRNA were initially considered &#34;genomic junk&#34; since they did not encode proteins. However, their roles in regulating gene expression were discovered over the past few decades and continue to be extensively researched. Based on their length, non-coding RNAs may be classified as small regulatory RNAs (&#60; 100 nucleotides) or long non-coding RNAs (&#62; 200 nucleotides).
Both small regulatory RNAs and long non-coding RNAs regulate gene expression by altering various stages of transcription and translation. Non-coding RNAs affect mRNA splicing&#8212;removal of non-coding segments and joining the protein-coding sequences. In this manner, they control the formation of different protein variants from a single gene. Small regulatory RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) bind to complementary sequences on mRNA and inhibit protein synthesis either by blocking the access of the translation machinery to the mRNA or by degrading the mRNA itself. Long non-coding RNAs interact with and recruit enzymes that chemically modify DNA and histones &#8212; proteins that help package DNA into the nucleus &#8212; to either activate or repress transcription.

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse ...

Education

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Unit 1

Transcription: DNA to RNA

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

rna roles in protein synthesis

RNA plays key roles in protein synthesis, and its main forms work together to make proteins in the cell. Messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) each have a specific job. RNA can also be grouped as protein-coding or non-coding RNA.

mRNA is the protein-coding RNA. It carries codons, which are sets of three nucleotides that specify an amino acid. tRNA and rRNA are non-coding RNAs. tRNA acts as an adaptor that reads the mRNA sequence and brings amino acids into the correct order in the growing polypeptide chain.

rRNA joins with proteins to form the ribosome, which is the site of protein synthesis in the cell. During translation, the ribosome moves along the mRNA strand. It helps hold tRNA in place and catalyzes peptide bond formation between amino acids.

Non-coding RNAs beyond tRNA and rRNA were once called genomic junk because they do not code for proteins. Research has shown that they help regulate gene expression. These RNAs respond to developmental and environmental changes, and they are an active area of study.

Based on length, non-coding RNAs can be grouped as small regulatory RNAs, which are under 100 nucleotides, or long non-coding RNAs, which are over 200 nucleotides. Both groups can affect transcription and translation. They can also influence mRNA splicing, the process that removes non-coding segments and joins protein-coding parts to make different protein variants from one gene.

Small regulatory RNAs include microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). They bind to matching sequences on mRNA and can block the translation machinery or cause the mRNA to be broken down. Long non-coding RNAs can recruit enzymes that chemically modify DNA and histones, the proteins that help package DNA in the nucleus, to turn transcription on or off. In prokaryotes, non-coding RNAs can also be used to help develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.

RNA Roles in Protein Synthesis

what is gene expression?

How Cells Control Gene Expression

Cells control gene expression to decide when a gene makes a protein. A gene is a stretch of DNA that holds the instructions for functional RNAs and proteins. Because DNA is built from nucleotides and proteins are built from amino acids, messenger RNA (mRNA) acts as the link between them. The first step is transcription. During transcription, mRNA copies the DNA blueprint. In eukaryotes, this happens in the nucleus through complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...

rna structure

RNA Shapes and Protein Synthesis

RNA shapes and protein synthesis are linked through the molecule’s single-stranded structure. RNA is made of ribonucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds, and it can fold into secondary and tertiary shapes that help control transcription and translation. These shapes are important in both regulation and protein production. Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA are the three main RNA types used in protein synthesis. They all share the same basic build: a single strand of nucleotides.

RNA plays key roles in protein synthesis, and its main forms work together to make proteins in the cell. Messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) each have a specific job. RNA can also be grouped as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. mRNA is the protein-coding RNA. It carries codons, which are sets of three nucleotides that specify an amino acid. tRNA and rRNA are non-coding RNAs. tRNA acts as an adaptor that reads the mRNA sequence and brings amino acids into the...

transcription

RNA Synthesis and Gene Control

Transcription is the process that makes RNA from a DNA sequence. RNA polymerase carries out this synthesis. It is the first step in turning a gene into a protein, and several other proteins and control sequences help make messenger RNA, or mRNA, correctly. In eukaryotes, DNA is first copied into pre-mRNA. This RNA can then be processed into mature mRNA, which serves as the template for protein synthesis. In prokaryotes, translation into a polypeptide can start before transcription has finished.

bacterial rna polymerase

Bacterial RNA Polymerase and Sigma Factor

Bacterial RNA polymerase carries out transcription, the process of copying DNA into RNA. It is the enzyme that starts RNA synthesis in bacteria and helps control which genes are used. The core enzyme works with a sigma factor, which is a protein that helps the polymerase find the right place to begin. Together, they form the holoenzyme. The sigma factor is important for promoter recognition, so the enzyme can bind near the start of a gene. Once transcription begins, RNA polymerase separates...

eukaryotic rna polymerases

Three Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

Eukaryotic RNA polymerases are the enzymes that make RNA from DNA in cells with a nucleus. In eukaryotes, this work is divided among three main RNA polymerases. Each enzyme has a specific role in transcription, the process of copying genetic information into RNA. RNA polymerase I makes most ribosomal RNA, or rRNA. RNA polymerase II produces messenger RNA, or mRNA, which carries the instructions for making proteins. RNA polymerase III makes transfer RNA, or tRNA, and also some small RNAs used...

general transcription factors

Tissue-Specific Transcription Factors in Gene Control

Tissue-specific transcription factors help control which genes turn on in different mammal cells. These proteins bind to promoter sequences and can direct a gene to be expressed in one tissue but not another. This selective control helps cells carry out very different jobs in the body. A clear example is the beta globin gene, which makes part of hemoglobin. The gene is present in all body cells, but it is expressed only in red blood cells. That happens because the transcription factors needed...

rna polymerase ii accessory proteins

RNA Polymerase II Helper Proteins

RNA polymerase II helper proteins support the transcription process in eukaryotic cells. They work with RNA polymerase II, the enzyme that makes RNA from a DNA template. These proteins help the enzyme start, move, and finish transcription in the right way. Some helper proteins act as accessory factors. They can assist RNA polymerase II at different stages of gene expression. Their roles are important because transcription must be controlled accurately for cells to make the correct RNA...

transcription elongation factors

RNA Polymerase Pausing and Elongation

RNA polymerase pausing and elongation factors help control how RNA is made from DNA. During transcription, RNA polymerase moves along the gene and builds an RNA strand. Elongation factors support this process by helping the enzyme continue after it pauses. These factors are part of the elongation stage of transcription. They are not the same as the proteins used to start transcription. Their role is to keep RNA polymerase moving so RNA can be copied efficiently. In high school biology, this...

pre-mrna processing: modification of pre-mrna ends

pre-mrna-processing-modification-of-pre-mrna-ends

How Pre-mRNA Becomes Mature mRNA

Pre-mRNA becomes mature mRNA through a series of processing steps in eukaryotic cells. RNA polymerase first makes the transcript, and the RNA is modified before it leaves the nucleus. The unprocessed form is called precursor mRNA, or pre-mRNA, to separate it from mature mRNA. After about 20 to 40 ribonucleotides have been added, enzymes place a cap on the 5' end of the growing RNA. This cap replaces the 5' phosphate with modified guanosine, which carries a methyl group called 7-methyl...

pre-mrna processing: rna splicing

Pre-mRNA Splicing and Intron Removal

Pre-mRNA splicing removes introns from a pre-mRNA molecule and joins the remaining exons together. This step is part of pre-mRNA processing, which helps turn the first RNA copy into a mature message that can be used later in gene expression. Splicing is carried out by the spliceosome, a large RNA-protein complex. The spliceosome recognizes the intron boundaries and cuts out the intron. It then links the exons together in the correct order. A key feature of splicing is the lariat, a looped RNA...

chromatin structure and rna splicing

Chromatin and RNA Splicing Control

Chromatin and RNA splicing work together to shape how genes are used in a cell. Chromatin is the DNA-protein material that packages genetic information, and RNA splicing is a step in which introns are removed from a pre-mRNA transcript. The video explains how chromatin structure can influence this RNA processing step. A compact chromatin structure can make a gene less accessible, while a more open structure can make it easier for the cell to use that gene. This change in access can affect how...

alternative rna splicing

RNA Splicing in Gene Expression

RNA splicing in gene expression helps cells turn one gene into different RNA messages. During RNA processing, introns are removed and exons are joined together. This editing step changes which parts of the RNA stay in the final message. Alternative splicing gives cells a way to make more than one protein from the same gene. By including or skipping different exons, a cell can produce different RNA versions from one starting transcript. This process adds flexibility to gene expression without...

nuclear export of mrna

How mRNA Leaves the Nucleus

Messenger RNA, or mRNA, must move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm before it can be used to make protein. This step is called nuclear export of mRNA. It connects gene expression in the nucleus with protein production in the cytoplasm. During export, the cell selects mRNA molecules that are ready to leave the nucleus. These molecules pass through nuclear pores, which are openings in the nuclear envelope. The process helps keep mRNA transport organized and controlled. Once mRNA reaches the...

transfer rna synthesis

tRNA Genes and RNA Processing

Transfer RNA synthesis begins with transcription of tRNA genes into a primary RNA copy. That first copy is not yet ready to function in protein building. It must be processed before it can become mature transfer RNA. During processing, the cell trims the ends of the RNA and removes extra segments when needed. The transcript also shows that some transfer RNAs carry modified bases. These changes help create the final tRNA structure. Mature transfer RNA folds into a shape that can work in...

ribosomal rna synthesis

Ribosomal RNA and Ribosome Formation

Ribosomal RNA synthesis is part of how cells build ribosomes. Ribosomes are the structures that help make proteins. In this process, cells produce ribosomal RNA, or rRNA, which becomes a key part of the ribosome. The transcript focuses on the making of rRNA and its role in ribosome formation. Ribosomal RNA is not just a message like messenger RNA. It is a structural and functional part of the ribosome itself. Because of that, rRNA synthesis is closely tied to the assembly of ribosomes. This...

the nucleolus

Nucleolus and Ribosome Assembly

The nucleolus is a small structure inside the nucleus. It is the site where ribosome assembly begins. Ribosomes are the cell structures that help make proteins. The nucleolus forms around nucleolar organizer regions, or NORs. These regions contain the genes used to make ribosomal RNA, also called rRNA. Inside the nucleolus, rRNA is produced and combined with proteins to start building ribosomes. Because of this role, the nucleolus is closely tied to protein production in the cell. Its work...

additional subnuclear structures

Subnuclear Bodies and Their Roles

Subnuclear structures are specialized bodies inside the nucleus. They help organize nuclear activity and appear as distinct regions under the microscope. The nucleolus is one of the best-known subnuclear structures. It is the site where ribosomes begin to assemble. Cajal bodies are another nuclear structure. They are linked to the processing and assembly of RNA-related particles. These additional subnuclear structures show that the nucleus is not a uniform space. Instead, it contains...

key terms and concepts

Explore how mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA work together in protein synthesis, and how non-coding RNAs help regulate gene expression in cells.

RNA Roles in Protein Synthesis | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Cell Biology illustrates complex cellular processes in easy-to-understand yet comprehensive animated video lessons. This collection focuses on the essential components and functions of cells, including organelles and membranes, cellular transport, and cell energetics. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of cell biology in real-world research experiments.

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BIO.2

BIO.2.d

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

Life Science

3.1.1 9L.3.1.1.4

Alabama Course of Study Science

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.B.1.2

9-12.B.1.2.b

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Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.16

SC.912.L.16.5

SC.912.L.16.6

SC.912.L.18

SC.912.L.18.1

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South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

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Structure and Function

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LS.Bio.1.1

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Prokaryotic Cells

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Cytoplasm

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The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic ReticulumThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive network of membranous sacs and tubules in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer ...

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Golgi Apparatus

As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are ...

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules ...

Peroxisomes

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LS.Bio.1.3

Analyze how the relationship between structure and function supports life processes within organisms.

RNA Roles in Protein Synthesis

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