Name: carboxylic acid reactions and derivatives
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T11:32:02.000Z
Duration: 1 min 41 s
Channel: JoVE

Carboxylic acids feature many reactive sites, including the polar O&#8211;H bond, the electron-rich carbonyl oxygen, the electrophilic carbonyl carbon, and the &#945; hydrogens.
Carboxylic acids may react as Br&#8709;nsted&#8211;Lowry acids because the polar O&#8211;H bond undergoes deprotonation with aqueous bases to form soluble carboxylate salts.
However, they may also act as weak bases in the presence of stronger acids that preferentially protonate the carbonyl oxygen over the hydroxyl oxygen. 
Further, the polar C&#8211;O bond generates an electrophilic center favoring nucleophilic acyl substitution via a tetrahedral intermediate. 
Similarly, the carbonyl group undergoes reduction by strong reducing agents to generate primary alcohols. 
Carboxylic acids undergo halogenation at the &#945;-carbons via the Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction. The &#945;-hydrogen atom in the presence of phosphorus, upon hydrolysis, is substituted with a halogen to yield &#945;-halo acids via acyl halides. 
Carboxylic acids containing a &#946;-keto group undergo decarboxylation under acidic conditions to generate ketones. 
To summarize, carboxylic acids undergo diverse reactions including deprotonation, acyl substitution, reduction, &#945;-substitution, and decarboxy

reactions of carboxylic acids: introduction

Reactions of Carboxylic Acids: Introduction

Carboxylic acids possess an acidic &#8211;COOH functional group. The acidity can be attributed to the resonance stabilization of their conjugate base, wherein the negative charge is delocalized over both oxygen atoms.
<img alt="Organic reaction mechanism, equilibrium equation, illustrating deprotonation in chemical structure diagram." src="/files/ftp_upload/13087/13087_PT_Figure_1v2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 70px;" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="Figure1" />
The acyl bond is polar because of the high electronegativity of oxygen, making the carbonyl carbon highly reactive and susceptible to nucleophilic attack. Thus, nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions can convert the &#8211;COOH to acid derivatives such as acyl halides, esters, anhydrides, and amides.
Additionally, carboxylic acids can be reduced by strong reducing agents to yield alcohols via aldehyde intermediates.
The &#945; hydrogen in carboxylic acids can also be substituted by halogens to give &#945;-halogenated carboxylic acids. This is the basis of the Hell&#8211;Volhard&#8211;Zelinsky reaction, where &#945;-halo acids are obtained in the presence of halogen and phosphorus.
Moreover, the silver salt of carboxylic acids, when heated along with halogens such as bromine or iodine, forms alkyl halides with one carbon less than the starting acid via the elimination of carbon dioxide gas. This reaction is known as the Borodin&#8211;Hunsdiecker reaction.
<img alt="Reformatskii reaction formula; acyl-Ag complex to R-Br, CO2, AgBr; chemical transformation." src="/files/ftp_upload/13087/13087_PT_Figure_2v2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="Figure2" />
Unlike carboxylic acids, &#946;-keto acids are particularly prone to decarboxylation and yield monocarboxylic acids or ketones upon gentle warming.

Carboxylic acids possess an acidic &#8211;COOH functional group. The&#160;acidity can be attributed to the&#160;resonance stabilization of their conjugate ...

reactions-of-carboxylic-acids-introduction

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JoVE Core

Organic Chemistry

Unit 1

Carboxylic Acids

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

carboxylic acid reactions and derivatives

Carboxylic acids are organic compounds with an acidic –COOH group. Their acidity comes from resonance stabilization of the conjugate base, which spreads the negative charge over both oxygen atoms. The carbonyl group is also polar because oxygen is highly electronegative. That makes the carbonyl carbon reactive and open to nucleophilic attack.

Because of this reactivity, carboxylic acids can undergo nucleophilic acyl substitution. In these reactions, the –COOH group can be converted into acid derivatives such as acyl halides, esters, anhydrides, and amides. Carboxylic acids can also be reduced by strong reducing agents. This reduction gives alcohols through aldehyde intermediates.

The alpha hydrogen in a carboxylic acid is another reactive site. It can be replaced by halogens to form alpha-halogenated carboxylic acids. This change is the basis of the Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction, which uses a halogen and phosphorus to produce alpha-halo acids.

Carboxylic acids can also lose carbon dioxide in other reactions. When the silver salt of a carboxylic acid is heated with bromine or iodine, it forms an alkyl halide with one fewer carbon atom than the starting acid. This is called the Borodin-Hunsdiecker reaction. Beta-keto acids are especially easy to decarboxylate. On gentle warming, they give monocarboxylic acids or ketones.

Carboxylic Acid Reactions and Derivatives

carboxylic-acid-reactions-and-derivatives

iupac nomenclature of carboxylic acids

Naming Carboxylic Acids with IUPAC Rules

Carboxylic acids are named by IUPAC rules that focus on the carboxyl group, –COOH. For acyclic saturated monocarboxylic acids, the longest hydrocarbon chain that includes the –COOH carbon is chosen as the parent chain. The final -e in the parent hydrocarbon name is replaced with -oic acid, and numbering starts at the –COOH carbon. Substituents are then named and placed as prefixes in alphabetical order. In the presence of a carboxyl group, other groups such as –CHO, –CO–, –OH, –OR, –NH2, and...

physical properties of carboxylic acids

Carboxylic Acid Boiling Point Trends

Carboxylic acids have distinct physical properties that change with size and structure. Lower molecular weight carboxylic acids often have a sharp, unpleasant odor. They also tend to have higher boiling and melting points than similar aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols. Strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding helps explain these trends. The polar carbonyl and hydroxyl bonds create dipole-dipole interactions, and carboxylic acid molecules can form stable dimers. A dimer is a pair of molecules held...

acidity of carboxylic acids

Why Carboxylic Acids Are More Acidic

Carboxylic acids are the strongest organic acids, but they are still much weaker than mineral acids such as HCl. In water, they ionize by losing the hydroxyl proton. This forms a carboxylate ion, which is stabilized by resonance. The strength of this ionization is shown by the acid dissociation constant, or Ka, and the pKa value. For simple carboxylic acids, Ka is around 10^-5, and pKa is usually 4 to 5. These values show that carboxylic acids are moderately acidic. Carboxylic acids are more...

substituent effects on acidity of carboxylic acids

substituent-effects-on-acidity-of-carboxylic-acids

How Substituents Change Carboxylic Acid Strength

Carboxylic acid strength depends on the substituents attached to the acid group. The key factor is the stability of the carboxylate anion, which is the conjugate base formed when the acid loses a proton. An electron-withdrawing substituent makes the carboxylate anion more stable. It pulls electron density away through the inductive effect, which lowers the electron density on the carboxylate ion and increases acidity. An electron-donating substituent does the opposite. It pushes electron...

ir and uv&ndash;vis spectroscopy of carboxylic acids

ir-and-uvvis-spectroscopy-of-carboxylic-acids

Carboxylic Acid Bands in IR and UV-Vis

Carboxylic acids show clear signals in both IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Their IR spectra help identify the C=O bond and the O-H bond, while UV-Vis spectra show a weak absorption from an n→π* transition. In IR spectroscopy, the C=O bond usually appears as a characteristic band between 1710 and 1760 cm⁻¹. The O-H bond gives a broad band between 2500 and 3300 cm⁻¹. The exact C=O stretching frequency changes with structure. Free carboxylic acids show a higher stretching frequency at 1760 cm⁻¹.

nmr and mass spectroscopy of carboxylic acids

nmr-and-mass-spectroscopy-of-carboxylic-acids

Carboxylic Acid Signals in NMR and MS

Carboxylic acid signals in NMR and mass spectrometry help identify this functional group. In proton NMR, the acidic –COOH proton is strongly deshielded and usually appears far downfield at about 9–12 ppm. Its exact position can change with concentration and solvent. The nearby carbons also give useful clues. The α protons of carboxylic acids usually appear at 2–2.5 ppm, while the β protons show up farther upfield. A simple test uses deuterium oxide, or D2O, which swaps with the acidic proton...

preparation of carboxylic acids: overview

Making Carboxylic Acids from Oxidation

Carboxylic acids can be made by oxidation of several organic compounds. A primary alcohol or an aldehyde can be converted into a carboxylic acid with a strong oxidizing agent. Aldehydes can also be oxidized with a mild oxidizing agent. Alkyl benzenes with at least one benzylic hydrogen can also form benzoic acid. In this reaction, KMnO4 or Na2Cr2O7 is used under vigorous conditions such as heat and a high oxidant concentration. The product is benzoic acid exclusively. Alkynes can undergo...

preparation of carboxylic acids: hydrolysis of nitriles

preparation-of-carboxylic-acids-hydrolysis-of-nitriles

Nitrile Hydrolysis in Carboxylic Acid Synthesis

Nitrile hydrolysis is a useful way to make carboxylic acids from nitriles. A nitrile has the formula R-CN, and it can be converted into a carboxylic acid, R-COOH, with aqueous acid. Under base-catalyzed conditions, the product is a carboxylate anion, R-COO−. This reaction is also part of a two-step route from haloalkanes to carboxylic acids. First, a haloalkane reacts with sodium cyanide in an SN2 reaction to form a nitrile. Then the nitrile is hydrolyzed to give a carboxylic acid with one...

preparation of carboxylic acids: carboxylation of grignard reagents

preparation-of-carboxylic-acids-carboxylation-of-grignard-reagents

Adding Carbon to Grignard Reagents

Carboxylic acids can be made by adding carbon dioxide to a Grignard reagent. This reaction is useful because it turns alkyl, vinyl, benzyl, and aryl halides into carboxylic acids with one extra carbon atom. The process happens in two steps. First, the Grignard reagent attacks carbon dioxide and forms the magnesium salt of the carboxylate ion. Then an aqueous acid is added to protonate that salt and produce the carboxylic acid. The acid is added only after the first step is complete. A proton...

Carboxylic acids are organic compounds with an acidic –COOH group. Their acidity comes from resonance stabilization of the conjugate base, which spreads the negative charge over both oxygen atoms. The carbonyl group is also polar because oxygen is highly electronegative. That makes the carbonyl carbon reactive and open to nucleophilic attack. Because of this reactivity, carboxylic acids can undergo nucleophilic acyl substitution. In these reactions, the –COOH group can be converted into acid...

carboxylic acids to esters: acid-catalyzed (fischer) esterification overview

carboxylic-acids-to-esters-acid-catalyzed-fischer-esterification

Driving Fischer Esterification to Esters

Fischer esterification makes esters from carboxylic acids and alcohols in an acidic medium. The reaction also produces water. Emil Fischer developed this condensation reaction in 1895. Hydroxy-functionalized carboxylic acids can react within the same molecule by intramolecular Fischer esterification. This forms lactones, which are cyclic esters. Five-membered and six-membered lactones form spontaneously. The reaction speed depends strongly on steric factors, or how crowded the molecules are...

carboxylic acids to esters: acid-catalyzed (fischer) esterification mechanism

Fischer Esterification: Building Esters from Acids

Fischer esterification is an acid-catalyzed reaction that turns a carboxylic acid and an alcohol into an ester. This condensation reaction is a common way to make esters in organic chemistry. It also involves nucleophilic acyl substitution, which means one group is replaced on the acid carbonyl. The reaction proceeds through a tetrahedral intermediate. During this step, the molecule briefly has a tetrahedral shape before the reaction moves forward. Water is then eliminated as the leaving group.

carboxylic acids to methylesters: alkylation using diazomethane

carboxylic-acids-to-methylesters-alkylation-using-diazomethane

Making Methyl Esters with Diazomethane

Carboxylic acids can be converted into methyl esters using diazomethane in an ether solvent. This reaction gives the methyl ester of the same acid and often does so in excellent yield. It is a useful esterification method in organic chemistry. Diazomethane is a yellow gas with a boiling point of minus 23 degrees Celsius. It is commonly prepared by treating N-methyl-N-nitrosourea or N-methyl-N-nitrosotoluenesulphonamide with a base. During the reaction, the carboxylic acid first protonates...

carboxylic acids to acid chlorides

Making Acid Chlorides from Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylic acids can be converted into acid chlorides using SOCl2 or PCl5. Acid chlorides are the most reactive carboxylic acid derivatives. They are also important synthetic reagents. In some aromatic compounds, they are useful for Friedel-Crafts acylation. Phosphorus pentachloride is one alternative reagent for this conversion. The carboxylic acid first attacks the phosphorus center of PCl5. This step removes a chloride ion. The chloride ion then attacks the carbonyl center and forms the...

carboxylic acids to primary alcohols: hydride reduction

carboxylic-acids-to-primary-alcohols-hydride-reduction

Selective Reduction of Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylic acids can be reduced to primary alcohols with the right reagent. Strong reducing agents, such as lithium aluminum hydride, first react with the acid and then are followed by hydrolysis, which gives the primary alcohol product. Not every hydride reagent works on carboxylic acids. Weaker reducers like lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride and diisobutylaluminum hydride do not reduce carboxylic acids to primary alcohols. Borane in tetrahydrofuran, or THF, is another way to make this...

loss of carboxy group as co2: decarboxylation of &beta;-ketoacids

loss-of-carboxy-group-as-co2-decarboxylation-of-ketoacids

Beta-Ketoacids and Carbon Dioxide Loss

Beta-ketoacids can lose a carboxyl group as carbon dioxide gas when they are heated in an acid medium. This reaction is called decarboxylation. Monocarboxylic acids, which have only one carboxyl group, do not decarboxylate easily under the same conditions. Carboxylic acids can also undergo decarboxylation in another way. A silver salt of a carboxylic acid can react with bromine or iodine at high temperature. This Hunsdiecker reaction releases carbon dioxide gas and forms a halide with one...

loss of carboxy group as co2: decarboxylation of malonic acid derivatives

loss-carboxy-group-as-co2-decarboxylation-malonic-acid

Malonic Acid Decarboxylation and CO2 Release

Malonic acid derivatives can lose a carboxyl group as carbon dioxide during decarboxylation. This reaction is a useful way to turn a β-dicarboxylic acid into a monocarboxylic acid. It follows a pattern similar to the thermal decarboxylation of β-keto acids, which form ketones. The mechanism begins with an internal shift of electrons. That shift helps form a cyclic six-membered transition state, a short-lived arrangement of atoms during the reaction. The process then breaks a carbon-carbon bond...

key terms and concepts

Learn how carboxylic acids form derivatives, reduce to alcohols, and undergo alpha halogenation and decarboxylation in key organic reactions.

Carboxylic Acid Reactions and Derivatives | JoVE K12

organic chemistry

JoVE Core Organic Chemistry explains basic concepts of stereochemistry, reactions, and mechanisms using concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons. Additionally, the scientist-in-action videos demonstrate the application of related concepts in classical and original research experiments performed in today's laboratories worldwide.

Carboxylic Acid Reactions and Derivatives

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