Predicting Molecular Geometry

VSEPR Theory for Determination of Electron Pair Geometries

The following procedure uses VSEPR theory to determine the electron pair geometries and the molecular structures:

1. Write the Lewis structure of the molecule or polyatomic ion.
2. Count the number of electron groups (lone pairs and bonds) around the central atom. A single, double, or triple bond counts as one region of electron density.
3. Identify the electron-pair geometry based on the number of electron groups: linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, or octahedral (As depicted in Figure 1, first column).
4. Use the number of lone pairs to determine the molecular structure. If more than one arrangement of lone pairs and chemical bonds is possible, choose the one that will minimize repulsions, remembering that lone pairs occupy more space than multiple bonds, which occupy more space than single bonds. In trigonal bipyramidal arrangements, repulsion is minimized when every lone pair is in an equatorial position. In an octahedral arrangement with two lone pairs, repulsion is minimized when the lone pairs are on opposite sides of the central atom.

The molecular structures are identical to the electron-pair geometries when there are no lone pairs present. For a particular number of electron pairs, the molecular structures for one or more lone pairs are determined based on modifications of the corresponding electron-pair geometry.

Predicting Molecular Structures using VSEPR Theory

The following examples illustrate the use of VSEPR theory to predict the molecular structures.

Let’s see how to determine the electron-pair geometry and molecular structure of CO₂ and BCl₃.

We write the Lewis structure of CO₂ as:

This shows us two double bonds around the carbon atom—each double bond counts as one electron group, and there are no lone pairs on the carbon atom. Using VSEPR theory, we predict that the two electron groups arrange themselves on opposite sides of the central atom with a bond angle of 180°. The electron-pair geometry and molecular structure are identical, and CO₂ molecules are linear.

To predict the electron-pair geometry and molecular structure of a TeCl₄ molecule, the first step is to write the Lewis structure of TeCl₄. It indicates five electron groups around the Te atom: one lone pair and four bonding pairs:

We expect these five electron groups to adopt a trigonal bipyramidal electron-pair geometry. To minimize lone pair repulsions, the lone pair occupies one of the equatorial positions. The molecular structure is that of a seesaw.

This text has been adapted from Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 7.6: Molecular Structure and Polarity.