7.8: Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.

Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and information that can be verbally communicated. For instance, recounting the plot of a movie or listing the politicians in the president's cabinet involves explicit memory. Explicit memory can be further divided into episodic and semantic memory.

Episodic memory pertains to the retention of information about the "where," "when," and "what" of life's events, essentially how we remember life's episodes. It is autobiographical and includes personal experiences such as the details of where you were when a sibling was born, what occurred on your first date, or what you had for breakfast. These memories provide a mental diary of personal history. In contrast, semantic memory encompasses an individual's knowledge about the world, including expertise, general knowledge acquired in school, and everyday knowledge about meanings of words, notable people, significant places, and common objects. Examples of semantic memory include understanding the rules of chess, the principles of geometry, or recognizing the Dalai Lama.

Implicit memory, or non-declarative memory, affects behavior through previous experiences without conscious recollection of those experiences. This type of memory is evident in the performance of certain tasks and skills, such as playing tennis, snowboarding, or text messaging. Implicit memories operate below the level of conscious awareness, enabling individuals to perform these activities without consciously recalling the learning process. These memories are integral to many daily activities and skilled performances, highlighting their significance in our cognitive functioning.

Long-term memory, or LTM, stores vast amounts of information for extended periods.

LTM is categorized into two types: explicit memory and implicit memory.

Explicit memory, or declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of events and facts that can be verbally communicated, such as recalling events from a movie or identifying players in a football match.

Explicit memory is further divided into episodic and semantic memory.

Episodic memory retains details about personal experiences, such as the time, place, and events of life's episodes—for instance, the memory of the first day at college or the breakfast eaten this morning.

In contrast, semantic memory encompasses knowledge about the world, including expertise, general knowledge, and everyday facts. For example, it involves memorizing chess rules or knowledge about historical figures like the Dalai Lama.

Implicit or non-declarative memory includes memories of how to perform everyday tasks, like playing tennis or riding a bicycle, without consciously thinking about them.