Host cell factors play a critical role in the establishment and maintenance of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). We outline methods to identify host cell factors altered in KSHV-infected DMVEC cells, and in KS tumor tissue. Cellular genes altered by virus will serve as potential target(s) for novel therapeutics.
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Method Article
Identifying Dysregulated Genes Induced by Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV)
In This Article
Summary
Abstract
Currently KS is the most predominant HIV/AIDS related malignancy in Southern Africa and hence the world.1,2 It is characterized as an angioproliferative tumor of vascular endothelial cells and produces rare B cell lymphoproliferative diseases in the form of pleural effusion lymphomas (PEL) and some forms of multicentric Castleman's disease.3-5 Only 1-5% of cells in KS lesions actively support lytic replication of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), the etiological agent associated with KS, and it is clear that cellular factors must interact with viral factors in the process of oncogenesis and tumor progression.6,7 Identifying novel host-factor determinants which contribute to KS pathology is essential for developing prognostic markers for tumor progression and metastasis as well as for developing novel therapeutics for the treatment of KS.8 The accompanying video details the methods we use to identify host cell gene expression programs altered in dermal microvascular endothelial cells (DMVEC) after KSHV infection and in KS tumor tissue.9 Once dysregulated genes are identified by microarray analysis, changes in protein expression are confirmed by immunoblot and dual labeled immunofluorescence. Changes in transcriptional expression of dysregulated genes are confirmed in vitro by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Validation of in vitro findings using archival KS tumor tissue is also performed by dual labeled immunochemistry and tissue microarrays.8,10 Our approach to identifying dysregulated genes in the KS tumor tissue microenvironment will allow the development of in vitro and subsequently in vivo model systems for discovery and evaluation of potential novel therapeutic for the treatment of KS.
Protocol
1. KSVH Cultivation and Infection of DMVEC
- The BCBL-1 cell line, originally isolated from a human body cavity based lymphoma, is cultured in complete RPMI 1640 media (Gibco, Grand Island, NY). BCBL-1 cells are removed from liquid nitrogen, transported on dry ice, and quickly thawed for 1 minute at 37°C. A 50 μL aliquot of BCBL-1 cells at a density 1x104 cells/ mL is added to 500 mL of RPMI 1640 media supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 1x penicillin/streptomycin and distributed into 175 cm flasks, at 50 mL/flask.
- The flasks of BCBL-1 cells are then incubated at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 until the cell....
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Discussion
The methodologies used in this report can be performed in a variety of laboratory settings. They require some special equipment or access to core facilities. Proper precautions must be taken when doing experiments involving infectious viral pathogens like KSHV which may require the use of a biosaftey level 3 (BSL-3) facilities. Tissue acquisitions must also be approved by the appropriate institutional review boards (IRBs).
These methodologies together can provide a basis for identifying ge.......
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Disclosures
No conflicts of interest declared.
Acknowledgements
We thank James E.K. Hildreth, Meharry Medical College, for his advice and review of this manuscript. We also thank Diana Marver for editing of the manuscript. This work was supported by the Meharry Vanderbilt Center for AIDS Research (NIH grant P30 AI054999-05); the Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, NIH grant 5U54 RR019192-05; the Meharry Center for Clinical Research, NIH Grant P20RR011792; and by NIH grant P01 CA113239. D.J.A was partially funded by pilot grants from the Vanderbilt-Meharry Center for AIDS Research (CFAR) and the Meharry Center for Clinical Research (CRC).
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Materials
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| RPMI 1640 | Invitrogen | 05-0001DJ | |
| TPA | Sigma-Aldrich | P1585 | |
| PBS pH 7.4 | Invitrogen | 10010-023 | |
| Sodium butyrate | Sigma-Aldrich | 19364 (FLUKA) | |
| EBM-2 media | Lonza Inc. | CC-3156 | + bullet kits supplement |
| DMVEC cells (HMVEC) | Lonza Inc. | CC2543 | |
| Fetal calf serum | Hyclone | SH30066.03 | |
| Penicillin/streptomycin | Invitrogen | 15140-122 | |
| Chamber slides | Nalge Nunc international | 154461 | |
| KSHV LANA Mab | Vector Laboratories | VP-H913 | 1:50 dilution/IFA |
| Galectin-3 goat pAb | R&D Systems | AF1154 | |
| Donkey-anti-goat FITC | Jackson ImmunoResearch | 705-095-1 | |
| Donkey-anti-goat Rho | Jackson ImmunoResearch | 705-295-003 | 1:100 dilution/IFA |
| Mounting media | Vector Laboratories | H 1500 | Vectashield with DAPI |
| BCA Protein Assay Kit | Pierce, Thermo Scientific | 23235 | |
| Nitrocellulose | Bio-Rad | 161-0112 | |
| Donkey-anti-goat-conj. | Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. | SC 2020 | |
| Western substrate | Pierce, Thermo Scientific | 34075 | |
| Biotin-rabbit-anti goat | Dako | 305-065-045 | |
| AP-Strepavidin conj. | Dako | K 0492 (kit) | |
| RNase DNase Free Set | Qiagen | 79254 | |
| MJ Mini Cycler | Bio-Rad | PTC-1148C | |
| Bio-Photometer | Eppendorf | 952000006 | |
| RC 6 Plus Centrifuge | Sorvall, Thermo Scientific | 46910 | |
| Coulter Optima L-90K Ultracentrifuge | Beckman Coulter Inc. | 392052 | |
| MYiQ iCycler Real Time PCR Detection System | Bio-Rad | 170-9770 | |
| TE 2000S Fluorescent microscope | Nikon Instruments | TE2000S | |
| 2100 Bioanalyzer | Agilent Technologies | G2938C | |
| Eclipse E 200 | Nikon Instruments | E 200 | |
| Sorvall Legend RT Centrifuge | Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. | 75004377 |
References
- Sitas, F., Newton, R. Kaposi's sarcoma in South Africa. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 28, 1-4 (2001).
- Moore, P. S., Chang, Y. Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus. Field's Virology. Knipe, D. M., Howley, P. M. , Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Philadelphia, PA. 2803-2833 (2002).
- Chang, Y., Cesarman, E., Pessin, M. S., Lee, F., Culpepper, J.....
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