Chemiluminescent Western Blot Assay for Protein Processing

Abstract

Source: Hillert-Richter, L. K. et al., Measuring Composition of CD95 Death-Inducing Signaling Complex and Processing of Procaspase-8 in this Complex. J. Vis. Exp. (2021).

This video describes the chemiluminescence-based western blotting of immunoprecipitated lysates. The technique helps determine protein processing and activation. The chemiluminescent signal detected is proportional to the level of protein processing during its activation.

Protocol

T-cell experiments were performed according to the ethical agreement 42502-2-1273 Uni MD.

1. Preparing cells for the experiment

NOTE: The average number of cells for this immunoprecipitation is 1 × 10⁷. Adherent cells have to be seeded one day before the experiment so that there are 1 × 10⁷ cells on the day of the experiment.

1. Preparing adherent cells for the experiment
   1. Seed 5-8 × 10⁶ adherent cells in 20 mL of medium (see the Table of Materials for the composition) for each condition in 14.5 cm dishes one day before the experiment starts.
   2. On the day of the experiment, ensure that the cells are 80-90% confluent and adherent to the dish. Discard the medium and add fresh medium to the adherent cells.
2. Preparing suspension cells for the experiment
   1. Carefully place 1 × 10⁷ suspension cells in 10 mL of culture medium (see the Table of Materials for the composition) per condition in 14.5 cm dishes immediately before the experiment starts.
   2. If using primary cells, isolate primary T cells according to the previously described procedure. Treat primary T cells with 1 µg/mL phytohemagglutinin for 24 h, followed by 25 U/mL IL2 treatment for 6 days.
   3. Carefully place 1 × 10⁸ primary T cells in 10 mL of culture medium (see the Table of Materials for the composition) per condition in 14.5 cm dishes immediately before the experiment starts.
      NOTE: This higher number of primary T cells is recommended, as these cells are smaller.

2. CD95L stimulation

1. Stimulate the cells with CD95L (produced as described previously or commercially available (see the Table of Materials).
   NOTE: The concentration of the CD95L and the time of stimulation are cell-type dependent. Prepare one stimulation condition twice to generate a 'bead control' sample in parallel.
   1. Stimulate adherent cells with the selected concentration of CD95L. Hold the plate at an angle and pipet the ligand into the medium without touching the adherent cells.
   2. Stimulate suspension cells with CD95L by pipetting the ligand solution into the cell suspension.

3. Cell harvest and lysis

1. Place the cell dishes on ice.
   NOTE: Do not discard the medium. Dying cells float in the medium and are important for the analysis.
2. Add 10 mL of cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) to the cell suspension and scrape the attached cells off the plate. Collect the cell suspension in a 50 mL tube.
3. Wash the cell dish with 10 mL of cold PBS twice and place the wash solution into the same 50 mL tube. Centrifuge the cell suspension at 500 × g for 5 min, 4 °C.
4. Discard the supernatant and resuspend the cell pellet with 1 mL of cold PBS. Transfer the cell suspension into a 1.5 mL tube.
5. Centrifuge the cell suspension at 500 × g for 5 min, 4 °C. Discard the supernatant and resuspend the cell pellet with 1 mL of cold PBS.
6. Centrifuge the cell suspension at 500 × g for 5 min, 4 °C. Discard the supernatant and resuspend the cell pellet with 1 mL of lysis buffer (containing 4% protease inhibitor cocktail). Incubate it for 30 min on ice.
7. Centrifuge the lysate at maximal speed (~17,000 × g) for 15 min, 4 °C.
8. Transfer the supernatant (lysate) to a clean tube. Discard the pellet. Take 50 µL of the lysate in another tube. Analyze the protein concentration by Bradford assay and take the amount of lysate corresponding to 25 µg of protein in a vial. Add loading buffer (see the Table of Materials for the composition) to the vial. Store it at -20 °C as lysate control.

4. Immunoprecipitation (IP)

1. Add 2 µL of anti-APO-1 antibodies and 10 µL of protein A sepharose beads (prepared as recommended by the manufacturer) to the lysate. Add only 10 µL of the beads to a separate tube containing lysate (stimulated sample) to generate a 'bead control.'
   NOTE: Use pipet tips with wide orifices either by cutting the tips or buying special tips for IP while handling the protein A sepharose beads.
2. Incubate the mixture of lysate with antibodies/protein A sepharose beads with gentle mixing overnight at 4 °C. Centrifuge the lysates with antibodies/protein A sepharose beads at 500 × g for 4 min, 4 °C. Discard the supernatant, add 1 mL of cold PBS to the beads, and repeat this step at least three times.
3. Discard the supernatant. Aspirate the beads preferably with a 50 µL Hamilton syringe.

5. Western blot

1. Add 20 µL of 4x loading buffer (see the Table of Materials for the composition) to the beads and heat at 95 °C for 10 min. Heat the lysate controls at 95 °C for 5 min.
2. Load the lysates, IPs, and a protein standard onto a 12.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel (see the Table of Materials for the gel preparation) and run with a constant voltage of 80 V.
3. Transfer the proteins from the SDS gel to a nitrocellulose membrane.
   NOTE: Here, the semi-dry technique, optimized for the proteins of interest, was used for the transfer over 12 min (25 V; 2.5 A= constant). Soak the nitrocellulose membrane and two mini-size transfer stacks in electrophoresis buffer (see the Table of Materials for the composition, prepare according to the manufacturer's instructions) for a few minutes before western blotting.
4. Place the blotted membrane in a box and block it for 1 h in a blocking solution (0.1% Tween-20 in PBS (PBST) + 5% milk). Incubate the membrane with the blocking solution under gentle agitation.
5. Wash the membrane three times with PBST for 5 min each wash.

6. Western blot detection

1. Add the first primary antibody at the indicated dilution (see Table of Materials) to the membrane and incubate it overnight at 4 °C with gentle agitation.
2. Wash the membrane three times with PBST for 5 min each wash.
3. Incubate the membrane with 20 mL of secondary antibody (diluted 1:10,000 in PBST + 5% milk) with gentle shaking for 1 h at room temperature.
4. Wash the membrane three times with PBST for 5 min each wash.
5. Discard PBST and add approximately 1 mL of horseradish peroxidase substrate to the membrane.
6. Detect the chemiluminescent signal (see Table of Materials).
   NOTE: The exposure time and the number of captured images depend on the amount of protein in the cell and the specificity of the antibodies used. It must be established empirically for each antibody used for the detection.

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
12.5% SDS gel	Self-made		For two separating gels: 3.28 mL distilled H2O 2.5 mL Tris; pH 8.8; 1.5 M 4.06 mL acrylamide 100 µL 10% SDS 100 µL 10% APS 7.5 µL TEMED for two collecting gels: 3.1 mL distilled H2O 1.25 mL Tris; pH 6.8; 1.5 M 0.5 mL acrylamide 50 µL 10% SDS 25 µL 10% APS 7.5 µL TEMED
14.5 cm cell dishes	Greiner	639160
Acrylamide	Carl Roth	A124.1
Aerosol filter pipet tips with high recovery filter and wide orifice	VWR	46620-664 (North America) or 732-0559 (Europe)	Used for pipetting beads to the lysate
Used for pipetting beads to the lysate	Sigma Aldrich	A2103	Dilution: 1:4000 in PBST + 1:100 NaN3
anti-APO-1 Ab	Provided in these experiments by Prof. P. Krammer or can be purchased by ENZO	ALX-805-038-C100	Used only for immunoprecipitation
anti-caspase-10 Ab	Biozol	MBL-M059-3	Dilution: 1:1000 in PBST + 1:100 NaN3
anti-caspase-3 Ab	Cell signaling	9662 S	Dilution: 1:2000 in PBST + 1:100 NaN3
anti-caspase-8 Ab C15	Provided in these experiments by Prof. P. Krammer or can be purchased by ENZO	ALX-804-242-C100	Dilution: 1:20 in PBST + 1:100 NaN3
anti-CD95 Ab	Santa Cruz	sc-715	Dilution: 1:2000 in PBST + 1:100 NaN3
anti-c-FLIP NF6 Ab	Provided in these experiments by Prof. P. Krammer or can be purchased by ENZO	ALX-804-961-0100	Dilution: 1:10 in PBST + 1:100 NaN3
anti-FADD 1C4 Ab	Provided in these experiments by Prof. P. Krammer or can be purchased by ENZO	ADI-AAM-212-E	Dilution: 1:10 in PBST + 1:100 NaN3
anti-PARP Ab	Cell signaling	9542	Dilution: 1:1000 in PBST + 1:100 NaN3
APS	Carl Roth	9592.3
β-mercaptoethanol	Carl Roth	4227.2
Bradford solution Protein Assay Dye Reagent Concentrate 450ml	Bio Rad	500-0006	Used according to manufacturer's instructions
CD95L	Provided in these experiments by Prof. P. Krammer or can be purchased by ENZO	ALX-522-020-C005
Chemiluminescence detector Chem Doc XRS+	Bio Rad
Complete Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (PIC)	Sigma Aldrich	ALX-522-020-C005	Prepared according to manufacturer's instructions
DPBS (10x) w/o Ca, Mg	PAN Biotech	P04-53500	Dilution 1:10 with H2O, storage in the fridge
Electrophoresis buffer	Self-made		10x electrophoresis buffer: 60.6 g Tris 288 g glycine 20 g SDS ad 2 L H2O 1:10 dilution before usage
Glycine	Carl Roth	3908.3
Goat Anti-Mouse IgG1 HRP	SouthernBiotech	1070-05	Dilution 1:10.000 in PBST + 5% milk
Goat Anti-Mouse IgG2b HRP	SouthernBiotech	1090-05	Dilution 1:10.000 in PBST + 5% milk
Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG-HRP	SouthernBiotech	4030-05	Dilution 1:10.000 in PBST + 5% milk
Interleukin-2 Human (hIL-2)	Merckgroup/ Roche	11011456001	For activation of T cells
KCl	Carl Roth	6781.2
KH2PO4	Carl Roth	3904.1
Loading buffer 4x Laemmli Sample Buffer, 10 mL	Bio Rad	161-0747	Prepared according to manufacturer's instructions
Luminata Forte Western HRP substrate	Millipore	WBLUFO500
Lysis buffer	Self-made		13.3 mL Tris-HCl; pH 7.4; 1.5 M 27.5 mL NaCl; 5 M 10 mL EDTA; 2 mM 100 mL Triton X-100 add 960 mL H2O
Medium for adherent cells DMEM F12 (1:1) w stable Glutamine, 2,438 g/L	PAN Biotech	P04-41154	Adding 10% FCS, 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin and 0.0001% Puromycin to the medium
Medium for primary T cells	gibco by Life Technologie	21875034	Adding 10% FCS and 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin to the medium
Milk powder	Carl Roth	T145.4
Na2HPO4	Carl Roth	P030.3
NaCl	Carl Roth	3957.2
PBST	Self-made		20x PBST: 230 g NaCl 8 g KCl 56.8 g Na2HPO4 8 g KH2PO4 Copyright © 2021 JoVE Journal of Visualized Experiments jove.com Page 3 of 3 20 mL Tween-20 ad 2 L H2O dilution 1:20 before usage
PBST + 5% milk	Self-made		50 g milk powder + 1 L PBST
PHA	Thermo Fisher Scientific	R30852801	For activation of T Cells
Power Pac HC	Bio Rad
Precision Plus Protein Standard All Blue	Bio Rad	161-0373	Use between 3-5 µL
Protein A Sepharose CL-4B beads	Novodirect/ Th.Geyer	GE 17-0780-01	Affinity resin beads prepared according to manufacturer's instructions
Scraper	VWR	734-2602
SDS	Carl Roth	4360.2
Shaker	Heidolph
Sodium azide	Carl Roth	K305.1
TEMED	Carl Roth	2367.3
Trans Blot Turbo mini-size transfer stacks	Bio Rad	170-4270	Used according to manufacturer's instructions
TransBlot Turbo 5x Transfer Buffer	Bio Rad	10026938	Prepared according to manufacturer's instructions
TransBlot Turbo Mini-size nictrocellulose membrane	Bio Rad	170-4270	Used according to manufacturer's instructions
Trans-Blot-Turbo	Bio Rad
Tris	Chem Solute	8,08,51,000
Triton X-100	Carl Roth	3051.4
Tween-20	Pan Reac Appli Chem	A4974,1000