New Tools to Expand Regulatory T Cells from HIV-1-infected Individuals

Summary

CD4+ Regulatory T cells are potent immune-modulators and serve important functions in immune homeostasis. The paucity of these cells in peripheral blood makes functional studies challenging, specifically in the context of HIV-1-infection. We here describe a method to isolate and expand functional CD4+ Tregs from peripheral blood from HIV-1-infected individuals.

Abstract

CD4+ Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are potent immune modulators and serve an important function in human immune homeostasis. Depletion of Tregs has led to measurable increases in antigen-specific T cell responses in vaccine settings for cancer and infectious pathogens. However, their role in HIV-1 immuno-pathogenesis remains controversial, as they could either serve to suppress deleterious HIV-1-associated immune activation and thus slow HIV-1 disease progression or alternatively suppress HIV-1-specific immunity and thereby promote virus spread. Understanding and modulating Treg function in the context of HIV-1 could lead to potential new strategies for immunotherapy or HIV vaccines. However, important open questions remain on their role in the context of HIV-1 infection, which needs to be carefully studied.

Representing roughly 5% of human CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood, studying the Treg population has proven to be difficult, especially in HIV-1 infected individuals where HIV-1-associated CD4 T cell and with that Treg depletion occurs. The characterization of regulatory T cells in individuals with advanced HIV-1 disease or tissue samples, for which only very small biological samples can be obtained, is therefore extremely challenging. We propose a technical solution to overcome these limitations using isolation and expansion of Tregs from HIV-1-positive individuals.

Here we describe an easy and robust method to successfully expand Tregs isolated from HIV-1-infected individuals in vitro. Flow-sorted CD3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺CD127^low Tregs were stimulated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 coated beads and cultured in the presence of IL-2. The expanded Tregs expressed high levels of FOXP3, CTLA4 and HELIOS compared to conventional T cells and were shown to be highly suppressive. Easier access to large numbers of Tregs will allow researchers to address important questions concerning their role in HIV-1 immunopathogenesis. We believe answering these questions may provide useful insight for the development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine.

Introduction

With more than 34 million individuals living with HIV/AIDS worldwide and an estimated 2.5 million people newly infected in 2011, the need for an effective HIV vaccine to curb the worldwide HIV epidemic remains paramount. However, despite three decades of intense research efforts, the HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials to date have resulted in only modest protection ^1-3 and the correlates of protective immunity remain poorly understood. Elucidating the nature of the immune response needed for protection is essential for the strategic design of an effective HIV-1 vaccine and other immunotherapeutic strategies targeting HIV-1 infection.

Protocol

1. Regulatory T cell isolation from HIV-1 Positive Blood

1. Carefully transfer blood, collected in ACD tubes, into a 50 ml conical tube for a final volume of 15 ml blood per tube.
2. Add 25 μl/ml of blood of RosetteSep Human CD4+ T Cell Enrichment Cocktail, mix carefully and incubate 20 min at room temperature.
3. Add 15 ml of PBS/2% FBS to the blood and mix carefully. Layer the diluted blood sample on top of 15 ml of Histopaque at room temperature in a 50 ml conical tube. Spin the conical tube for 20 min at 1,200 x g with a slow start and no brakes.
4. Transfer the CD4⁺ T cell enriched PBMC layer in a new 50 ml conical....

Results

The expression of interleukin 2 receptor (CD25) and the interleukin 7 receptor (CD127) have been described as reliable surface markers to identify functional Treg populations ¹³ and have been shown to correlate with CD4⁺CD25⁺FOXP3⁺ Tregs ^9,12. Figure 1 represents the gating strategy used to flow-sort single CD3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺CD127^low Tregs from PBMC isolated from an HIV-1-positive individual. The CD25/CD127 anti.......

Discussion

Using the protocol described above, Tregs can be successfully isolated and expanded from HIV-1-infected individuals in vitro. Expanded Tregs express high levels of FOXP3, CTLA4 and HELIOS, are highly suppressive and display a highly demethylated Treg-Specific Demethylation Region (TSDR) locus of the FOXP3 gene (data not shown) ¹⁵, suggesting true origin from the regulatory T cell lineage, as opposed to activation-induced transient FOXP3 upregulation. Deep sequencing demonstrated that the TCR repertoir.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
RosetteSep Human CD4+ T Cell Enrichment Cocktail	Stemcells technologies	15062
PBS	Sigma	D8537
FBS	Sigma	F4135
Histopaque	Sigma	H8889
Anti-CD3-PECy7	BD Pharmingen	557851
Anti-CD4-FITC	eBioscience	11-0049-42
Anti-CD25-APC	eBioscience	17-0259-42
Anti-CD127-PE	BD Pharmingen	557938
Round-Bottom tube with 35 μm a nylon mesh	BD Falcon	352235
X-VIVO 15	Lonza	04-418Q
Penicillin/Streptomycin	Mediatech	30-001-Cl
Human Serum	Gemini Bio-Products	100-512
Human T-activator CD3/CD28	Life Technologies	111.31D
IL-2	NIH Aids Research Reference Reagent Program	136
LIVE/DEAD Fixable Violet Dead Cell Stain Kit	Life technologies	L34955
Anti-CD4-qdot-655	Life Technologies	Q10007
Anti-CD25-PECy5	eBiosciences	15-0259-42
Foxp3 / Transcription Factor Staining Buffer Set	eBiosciences	00-5523-00
Anti-FOXP3-PE	eBiosciences	12-4776-42
Anti-HELIOS-FITC	Biolegend	137204
Anti-CTLA4-APC	BD Pharmingen	555855
CellTrace Violet Cell Proliferation Kit	Life Technologies	C34557
Vybrant CFDA SE Cell Tracer Kit	Life Technologies	V12883
HEPES	Mediatech	25-060-Cl
Treg Suppression inspector	Miltenyi Biotec	130-092-909
Anti-CD4-APC	BD Pharmingen	340443
Anti-CD8-AF700	BD Pharmingen	557945
RPMI 1640	Sigma	R0883
Glutamine	Mediatech	25-002-Cl
Materials
BD Vacutainer Blood Collection Tube w/ ACID CITRATE DEXTROSE (ACD)	Becton, Dickinson and Company (BD)	364606
FACSAria IIu Cell Sorter	BD Biosciences	-
LSR II Flow Cytometer	BD Biosciences	-
FlowJo	Tree Star	v887