A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons

Summary

Here we describe our strategy for obtaining stable, well-isolated single-unit recordings from identified inhibitory interneurons in the anesthetized mouse cortex. Neurons expressing ChR2 are identified by their response to blue light. The method uses standard extracellular recording equipment, and serves as an inexpensive alternative to calcium imaging or visually-guided patching.

Abstract

A major challenge in neurophysiology has been to characterize the response properties and function of the numerous inhibitory cell types in the cerebral cortex. We here share our strategy for obtaining stable, well-isolated single-unit recordings from identified inhibitory interneurons in the anesthetized mouse cortex using a method developed by Lima and colleagues¹. Recordings are performed in mice expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in specific neuronal subpopulations. Members of the population are identified by their response to a brief flash of blue light. This technique – termed “PINP”, or Photostimulation-assisted Identification of Neuronal Populations – can be implemented with standard extracellular recording equipment. It can serve as an inexpensive and accessible alternative to calcium imaging or visually-guided patching, for the purpose of targeting extracellular recordings to genetically-identified cells. Here we provide a set of guidelines for optimizing the method in everyday practice. We refined our strategy specifically for targeting parvalbumin-positive (PV+) cells, but have found that it works for other interneuron types as well, such as somatostatin-expressing (SOM+) and calretinin-expressing (CR+) interneurons.

Introduction

Characterizing the myriad cell types that comprise the mammalian brain has been a central, but long-elusive goal of neurophysiology. For instance, the properties and function of different inhibitory cell types in the cerebral cortex are topics of great interest but are still relatively unknown. This is in part because conventional blind in vivo recording techniques are limited in their ability to distinguish between different cell types. Extracellular spike width can be used to separate putative parvalbumin-positive inhibitory neurons from excitatory pyramidal cells, but this method is subject to both type I and type II errors^2,3. Alternatively, re....

Protocol

NOTE: The following protocol is in accordance with the National Institutes of Health guidelines as approved by the University of Oregon Animal Care and Use Committee.

1. Acute Surgery

1. Anesthetize the animal with a ketamine-medetomidine cocktail, via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection (Table 1).
   NOTE: The mice used in these experiments are generated by crossing a cre-dependent ChR2-eYFP transgenic line10 to interneuron driver lines (Pvalb-iCre11, PV+; Sst-iCre12, SOM+; Cr-iCre12, CR+). Viral delivery of ChR2 or related opsins should work equally well, assuming similar expression levels are obtained.

Results

We here share our strategy for obtaining single-unit recordings from genetically-classified inhibitory interneurons in the anesthetized mouse cortex, using an optogenetic method developed by Lima et al.¹. Table 1 details the suggested anesthetic cocktail, Ketamine-Medetomidine-Acepromazine (“KMA”). Figure 1 depicts a tungsten microelectrode, prepared for recording. Figure 2 contains a circuit diagram for a simple LED control unit. Figure 3

Discussion

Although PINP is conceptually straightforward, it can be challenging in practice. A major determinant of success is the choice of electrode. The electrical listening radius is the critical parameter. It must be sufficiently large to detect light-evoked spikes when the tip is still some distance away from a ChR2+ cell, so that one can adjust the rate of advance accordingly. At the same time, it must be restricted enough to enable good single-unit isolation. That is, the electrode must not also pick up spikes from neighbor.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
ChR2-EYFP Line	Jackson Colonies	12569
Pvalb-iCre (PV) Line	Jackson Colonies	8069
Sst-iCre (SOM) Line	Jackson Colonies	13044
Cr-iCre (CR) Line	Jackson Colonies	10774
Agarose	Sigma-Aldrich	A9793	Type III-A, High EEO
Micro Point (dural hook)	FST	10066-15
Surgical Scissors	FST	14084-09
Scalpel	FST	10003-12 (handle), 10011-00 (blades)
Puralube Ophthalmic Ointment	Foster & Smith	9N-76855
Homeothermic Blanket	Harvard Apparatus	507220F
Tungsten Microelectrodes	A-M Systems	577200	12 MΩ AC resistance, 127 μm diameter, 12° tapered tip, epoxy-coated
Capillary Glass Tubing	Warner Instruments	G150TF-3
Heat Shrink Tubing	DigiKey	A332B-4-ND
Zapit Accelerator	DVA	SKU ZA/ZAA	Use with standard Super Glue.
Microelectrode AC Amplifier 1800	AM Systems	700000
MP-285 Motorized Micromanipulator	Sutter	MP-285
4-channel Digital Oscilloscopes	Tektronix	TDS2000C
Powered Speakers	Harman	Model JBL Duet
Manual Manipulator	Scientifica	LBM-7
800 µm Fiber Optic Patch Cable	ThorLabs	FC/PC BFL37-800
Power Meter	ThorLabs	PM100D (Power Meter), S121C (Standard Power Sensor)
475 nm Cree XLamp XP-E	DigiKey	XPEBLU-L1-R250-00Y01DKR-ND	LED power and efficiency are continually increasing, so we recommend checking for the latest products (www.cree.com).
Arduino UNO	DigiKey	1050-1024-ND