The Swimmeret System of Crayfish: A Practical Guide for the Dissection of the Nerve Cord and Extracellular Recordings of the Motor Pattern

Summary

Here we describe the dissection of the crayfish abdominal nerve cord. We also demonstrate an electrophysiological technique to record fictive locomotion from swimmeret motor neurons.

Abstract

Here we demonstrate the dissection of the crayfish abdominal nerve cord. The preparation comprises the last two thoracic ganglia (T4, T5) and the chain of abdominal ganglia (A1 to A6). This chain of ganglia includes the part of the central nervous system (CNS) that drives coordinated locomotion of the pleopods (swimmerets): the swimmeret system. It is known for over five decades that in crayfish each swimmeret is driven by its own independent pattern generating kernel that generates rhythmic alternating activity ^1-3. The motor neurons innervating the musculature of each swimmeret comprise two anatomically and functionally distinct populations ⁴. One is responsible for the retraction (power stroke, PS) of the swimmeret. The other drives the protraction (return stroke, RS) of the swimmeret. Motor neurons of the swimmeret system are able to produce spontaneously a fictive motor pattern, which is identical to the pattern recorded in vivo ¹.

The aim of this report is to introduce an interesting and convenient model system for studying rhythm generating networks and coordination of independent microcircuits for students’ practical laboratory courses. The protocol provided includes step-by-step instructions for the dissection of the crayfish’s abdominal nerve cord, pinning of the isolated chain of ganglia, desheathing the ganglia and recording the swimmerets fictive motor pattern extracellularly from the isolated nervous system.

Additionally, we can monitor the activity of swimmeret neurons recorded intracellularly from dendrites. Here we also describe briefly these techniques and provide some examples. Furthermore, the morphology of swimmeret neurons can be assessed using various staining techniques. Here we provide examples of intracellular (by iontophoresis) dye filled neurons and backfills of pools of swimmeret motor neurons. In our lab we use this preparation to study basic functions of fictive locomotion, the effect of sensory feedback on the activity of the CNS, and coordination between microcircuits on a cellular level.

Introduction

The swimmerets of crayfish serve a function in posture control and beat rhythmically when the animals swim forward, ventilate their burrows or females aerate their eggs ^{5, 6}. The swimmerets of the signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus, occur in pairs from the second to the fifth abdominal segment, with one limb on each side of the abdomen ⁷. The central nervous system produces on its own the rhythmic motor patter which drives the swimmeret movement in the intact animal as well as in the isolated nerve cord preparation. When there is no sensory feedback or descending input present the rhythmic motor pattern produced is called fictive ....

Protocol

This dissection procedure is in accordance with the European Communities Council Directive of 22^nd September 2010 (2010/63/EU).

1. Preparation

1. Obtain crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana), of both sexes ≥8 cm in size. Ensure that the animals are vital and the abdomen and abdominal limbs are intact.
2. Take care to inspect the carapace and that this cuticle is hard and rigid. Pre- and postmolt animals have a soft carapace and are not suited for experiments because during the molting process many parameters change (e.g., decrease in locomotor activity).
3. Assemble all tools and mater....

Results

With the simultaneous extracellular recordings from RS and PS, motor neurons of one ganglion, the alternating activity of these motor neuron pools, can be monitored (Figure 18), representing the fictive locomotion pattern.

Figure 18: Sch.......

Discussion

The anatomy of crayfish and their abdominal ganglia has been described previously ^{5, 18, 19, 20} and it is recommended to become familiar with them prior to the dissection in order to avoid cutting of important nerves.

It is critical to keep the preparation at temperatures below 23 °C to prevent degradation of the isolated nerve cord. This can be achieved easily by replacement of the bathing solution every 20–30 min with cold crayfish saline. Under these circumstances the .......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
4-channel extracellular amplifier: MA 102	Amplifier	Elektroniklabor, Zoologie, Universität zu Köln, Germany
air-table		Technical Manufacturing Corporation (TMC) a unit of AMETEK Ultra Precision Technologies, Peabody, MA, USA	63-534
Axon Digidata 1440A	Digitizer	Axon Instruments, Molecular Devices Design, Union City, CA	DD1440A
big bucket
Clampex & Clampfit	pClamp 10, recording and analysis software	Molecular Devices Design, Union City, CA	pClamps 10 Standard
cold lamp source	with flexible light guide (fiber optic bundle)	Euromex microscopes holland, Arnhem, BD	LE.5211 & LE.5235
computer and monitor	equipped with recording software
container and pipette for liquid waste
crayfish saline	contains (in mM): 5.4 KCl, 2.6 MgCl2, 13.5 CaCl2, and 195 NaCl, buffered with 10mM Tris base and 4.7mM maleic acid; aerated for 3 hours. Adjust at pH of 7.4.
dextran, Texas Red (3000MW, lysine fixable)	fluorescent dye, lysine fixable	Life Technologies GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany	D3328
dissection dish	(l x w x h) 15x7x5 cm; linned with black silicone
faraday cage
fixing pins
forceps (biology, Dumont #5)	Forceps: Biology, tip 0.05 x 0.02 mm, length 11cm, INOX	Fine Science Tools (FST), Germany	11252-20
forceps (biology, Dumont #55)	Forceps: Biology, tip 0.05 x 0.02 mm, length 11cm, INOX	Fine Science Tools (FST), Germany	11255-20
forceps (electronic, Dumont #5)	Forceps: Standard, tip 0.1 x 0.06 mm, length 11cm, INOX	Fine Science Tools (FST), Germany	11251-20
intracellular electrode	Borosilicate glass capillaries (outer/inner diameter: 1mm/0.5mm), with filament	Sutter Instruments, Novato, CA	BF100-50-10
Leica S8 Apo StereoZoom	Dissection Microscope                       Zoom 1x - 8x	Leica, Germany	10446298
microscope table
mirror	to illuminate preparation from below
modeling clay
Olympus SZ61	Dissection Microscope                       Zoom 0.67x - 4.5x	Olympus, Germany
petri dish	94 x 16 mm; lined with clear silicone	Greiner bio-one, Germany	633180
ring scissors	ThoughCut, cutting edge: sharp/blunt, straight: 13cm	Fine Science Tools (FST), Germany	14054-13
spring scissors or alternative: Vannas spring scissors	cutting edge: 8 mm, tip diameter: 0.2mm, straight: 10cm or cutting edge 2.5 mm, tip diameter 0.075 mm, straight: 8cm	Fine Science Tools (FST), Germany	15024-10 or          15000-08
student Vannas  spring scissors or alternative:  Moria Spring Scissors	cutting edge: 5mm, tip diameter: 0.35mm, straight: 9cm or cutting edge: 5mm, tip diameter 0,1 mm, straight: 8 cm	Fine Science Tools (FST), Germany	91500-09 or           15396-00
sylgard	184 Silicone Elastomer Base and Curing Agent; for black sylgard add activated carbon	Dow Corning, Midland, MI, USA
syringe filled with petroleum jelly and equipped with a 20 gauche needle with rounded tip