Simultaneous PET/MRI Imaging During Mouse Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

Summary

The method presented here uses simultaneous positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. In the cerebral hypoxia-ischemia model, dynamic changes in diffusion and glucose metabolism occur during and after injury. The evolving and irreproducible damage in this model necessitates simultaneous acquisition if meaningful multi-modal imaging data are to be acquired.

Abstract

Dynamic changes in tissue water diffusion and glucose metabolism occur during and after hypoxia in cerebral hypoxia-ischemia reflecting a bioenergetics disturbance in affected cells. Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) identifies regions that are damaged, potentially irreversibly, by hypoxia-ischemia. Alterations in glucose utilization in the affected tissue may be detectable by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of 2-deoxy-2-(¹⁸F)fluoro-ᴅ-glucose ([¹⁸F]FDG) uptake. Due to the rapid and variable nature of injury in this animal model, acquisition of both modes of data must be performed simultaneously in order to meaningfully correlate PET and MRI data. In addition, inter-animal variability in the hypoxic-ischemic injury due to vascular differences limits the ability to analyze multi-modal data and observe changes to a group-wise approach if data is not acquired simultaneously in individual subjects. The method presented here allows one to acquire both diffusion-weighted MRI and [¹⁸F]FDG uptake data in the same animal before, during, and after the hypoxic challenge in order to interrogate immediate physiological changes.

Introduction

Worldwide, stroke is the second leading cause of death and a major cause of disability ¹. The cascade of biochemical and physiological events that occur during and acutely following a stroke event occurs rapidly and with implications for tissue viability and ultimately outcome ². Cerebral hypoxia-ischemia (H-I), which leads to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), is estimated to affect up to 0.3% and 4% of full-term and preterm births, respectively ^3,4. The mortality rate in infants with HIE is approximately 15% to 20%. In 25% of HIE survivors, permanent complications arise as a result of the injury, including mental retardation, mot....

Protocol

All animal handling and procedures described herein, and according to the Animal Research: Reporting In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines, were performed in accordance with protocols approved by the Association for Assessment of Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC) International accredited Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of California, Davis. Proper surgery should not result in signs of any pain or discomfort in the animal, but proper steps should be taken if these signs are observed, including administration of analgesics or in some cases, euthanasia. The right side of the animals was chosen arbitrarily for the unilateral ....

Results

Figure 1 demonstrates the result of a proper ligation of the common carotid artery, prior to closing the wound with 6-0 silk suture.

In this method, data obtained from imaging is highly dependent upon the temporal arrangement of the experiment, which in turn dictates and is also dictated by experimental limitations including image acquisition schemes and equipment setup. These and other considerations are further explored in the Discussion section. With the protocol described .......

Discussion

Simultaneous anatomic MRI, and dynamic DWI-MRI and [¹⁸F]FDG PET data were successfully acquired from experimental animals during hypoxic challenge following common carotid artery ligation.  This represents a powerful experimental paradigm for multimodal imaging of the rapidly evolving pathophysiology associated with ischemic insults in the brain and could readily be extended to study other PET radiotracers (for example markers of neuroinflammation) and MRI sequences, as well as the impact of interventiona.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Surgery
Surgical scissors	Roboz	RS-5852
Forceps	Roboz	RS-5237
Hartman mosquito forceps	Miltex	7-26
2x McPherson suturing forceps, 8.5 cm	Accurate Surgical & Scientific Instruments	4473	It is useful to reduce the opening width with a band on the forceps used to hold the carotid artery
6-0 silicone coated braided silk suture with 3/8 C-1 needle	Covidien Sofsilk	S-1172
Homeothermic blanket system	Harvard Apparatus	507220F
Super glue	(Generic)
Hypoxia
Flowmeter for O2	Alicat Scientific	MC-500SCCM-D
Flometer for N2	Alicat Scientific	MC-5SLPM-D
O2 meter	MSA	Altair Pro
Imaging
7.05 Tesla MRI System	Bruker	BioSpec	20 cm inner bore diameter with gradient set. Paravision 5.1 software.
Volume Tx/Rx 1H Coil, 35 mm ID	Bruker	T8100
PET system	(In-house)		4x24 LSO-PSAPD detectors, 10x10 LSO array per detector, 1.2 mm crystal pitch and 14 mm depth. 14 x 14 mm PSAPD. FOV: 60x35 mm. 350-650 keV energy window. 16 nsec timing window.
Vessel cannulation Dumont forceps	Roboz	RS-4991
PE-10 polyethylene tubing	BD Intramedic	427401
Infusion pump	Braintree Scientific	BS-300
Animal monitoring & gating equipment	Small Animal Instruments Inc.	Model 1025	Only respiration monitoring used
Animal bed with temperature regulation	(In-house)