Isolation of Murine Peritoneal Macrophages to Carry Out Gene Expression Analysis Upon Toll-like Receptors Stimulation

Summary

We describe here a simple protocol to isolate murine peritoneal macrophages. This procedure is followed by RNA extraction to carry out gene expression analysis upon Toll-like receptors stimulation.

Abstract

During infection and inflammation, circulating monocytes leave the bloodstream and migrate into tissues, where they differentiate into macrophages. Macrophages express surface Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize molecular patterns conserved through evolution in a wide range of microorganisms. TLRs play a central role in macrophage activation which is usually associated with gene expression alteration. Macrophages are critical in many diseases and have emerged as attractive targets for therapy. In the following protocol, we describe a procedure to isolate murine peritoneal macrophages using Brewer’s thioglycollate medium. The latter will boost monocyte migration into the peritoneum, accordingly this will raise macrophage yield by 10-fold. Several studies have been carried out using bone marrow, spleen or peritoneal derived macrophages. However, peritoneal macrophages were shown to be more mature upon isolation and are more stable in their functionality and phenotype. Thus, macrophages isolated from murine peritoneal cavity present an important cell population that can serve in different immunological and metabolic studies. Once isolated, macrophages were stimulated with different TLR ligands and consequently gene expression was evaluated.

Introduction

The reticuloendothelial phagocytic system is composed of cells in various tissues and organs such as bone marrow, blood, liver and spleen. Macrophages are extensively distributed around the body, where they notably participate in innate and adaptive immune responses to control and clear infections. In addition to their role in host defense, macrophages also play an important role in wound healing and in maintaining tissue homeostasis^1,2. Furthermore, macrophages are not only important to immune function but also actively participate in iron homeostasis³. In the body, approximately 80% of iron is present in hemoglobin within erythrocytes, which when senescent are phagocytosed by macrophages⁴. Daily, these macrophages recycle 25 mg of erythrocyte-derived iron and provide its transport into the plasma⁵. Moreover, during infection and inflammation, pro-inflammatory macrophages sequester serum iron to reduce iron availability to pathogens, at both the systemic and local levels^6-8. As well, studies have shown that macrophages and mainly hepatocytes produce an antimicrobial peptide named hepcidin that is considered the master regulator of iron metabolism^9,10. Hepcidin is mainly increased by inflammatory stimuli and is partially responsible for iron sequestration in macrophage upon chronic inflammation^11-13. As hepcidin expression in macrophages is not very well understood, we studied the possible role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in this regulation. The TLRs are primarily found on macrophages and play a central role in their activation. In addition, LPS induced hepcidin expression in the liver is dependent on TLR4¹³. Therefore, to execute our study, we used a method based on the isolation of murine peritoneal macrophages.

Macrophage cell lines are broadly used in macrophage studies; nonetheless extended culture can provoke gene loss and decreased immune functions in these cell lines. Thus, isolation of macrophages from peritoneal cavity is crucial.

The mouse peritoneal cavity presents an ideal site to harvest macrophages^13-15. Isolated murine peritoneal macrophages are convenient for several studies regarding their immunological function. However, the number of macrophages in the peritoneum is insufficient for extensive studies and is estimated around 1 x 10⁶ macrophages per mouse. Thus, to raise macrophage output, a sterile eliciting agent such as thioglycollate was injected into the peritoneal cavity preceding the cell harvest. After thioglycollate injection, the yield of macrophages per mouse was increased by 10-fold. Despite the increase in macrophages yield, Brewer’s thioglycollate medium acts as an irritant that induces an inflammatory response, resulting in the recruitment of macrophages, which may but not necessary affect gene expression. Hence, a control group consisting of non-treated macrophages must be included in each experiment. In our hands, hepcidin expression which is highly stimulated by inflammation was not detected in non-treated thioglycollate elicited peritoneal macrophages. Moreover, studies have shown that Brewer’s thioglycollate recruits numerous macrophages, but does not activate them¹⁶. On the other hand, Brewer’s thioglycollate elicited macrophages showed an increase in lysosomal enzyme but a decrease in killing ingested microorganisms¹⁷. However, the phagocytic capacity was not affected when compared with non-elicited macrophages¹⁶.

Once cultured in dishes, the peritoneal macrophages become adherent, therefore allowing their separation from other type of cells isolated from the peritoneal cavity. Subsequently, the isolated macrophages were challenged with different TLRs agonists. Finally, mRNA was extracted from the cultured cells and gene expression was analysed using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).

Protocol

All procedures were performed in accordance with the Canadian Council on Animal Care guidelines after approval by the institutional Animal Care Committee of the Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM).

1. Isolation, Identification, and Culture of Murine Peritoneal Macrophages

1. Prepare 3.8% brewer’s thioglycollate medium. To do so, suspend 38 g of thioglycollate medium in 1,000 ml of distilled water. Bring solution to boil to dissolve the medium completely. Sterilize by autoclaving at 121 °C for 15 min. Store up to 3 months in the dark, at RT¹⁸.
   ​NOTE: Discard if turbidity develops which indicates a bacterial contamination. The solution can be kept for up to one year in the dark if kept sterile.
2. Using 1 ml syringes attached to 23 G needles, inject 1 ml of 3.8% Brewer thioglycollate medium into the peritoneal cavity of each mouse and wait for 3 days. Use new syringe and needle for each mouse.
3. Anesthetize mice by intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital (100 mg/kg) and euthanize mice by cervical dislocation. Confirm proper anesthetization by checking the respiratory rate. Usually rapid respirations indicate that the mouse is not deeply anaesthetized.
4. Wash the abdomen of each mouse with 70% ethanol. Using a scissor, perform a lateral incision along the bottom midline of the peritoneum.
5. Using a forceps, pull back the abdominal skin to expose the transparent peritoneal skin. Using 5 ml syringes attached to 20 G needles, inject 5 ml of cold DPBS into the peritoneal cavity of each mouse.
6. Perform a gentle massage on the peritoneal cavity and then aspirate the fluid carefully without puncturing any organ. Remove the needle and dispense the peritoneal fluid into 50 ml conical centrifuge tubes.
7. Centrifuge for 10 min at 400 x g in a refrigerated centrifuge. Cells must stay cold during the whole procedure. Discard supernatant and resuspend cell pellet in RPMI medium 1640.
8. Using a hemocytometer, count cells and adjust to cell density to 1 x 10⁶ cells/ml. 
9. Characterize the phenotype of isolated cells by flow cytometry using 1 x 10⁶ cells per mouse and antibodie against F4/80 (a surface antigen expressed on macrophages).

2. Cell Treatments

1. Directly, after isolation, add 1 x 10⁶ cells into each well. Leave the murine peritoneal macrophages to adhere into the 6-well plates by culturing them for 1 to 2 hr at 37 °C. Remove non-adherent cells by gently washing 3 times with warm PBS.
2. Subsequently, culture cells in 900 µl serum-free DMEM for 24 hr in the presence of the following TLR ligands: (Pam3CSK4-TLR1/2 (0.5 mg/ml); Poly(I:C)-TLR3 (10 mg/ml); LPS-TLR4 (100 ng/ml); Flagellin-TLR5 (100 ng/ml); FSL1-TLR6/2 (100 ng/ml); ssRNA40-TLR7 (1 µg/ml); ODN1826-TLR9 (1 µM).
   NOTE: Prepare for each ligand a 10x stock solution. Add 100 µl of the latter to each well, thus performing a 10-fold dilution.

3. RNA Isolation

1. Remove all medium and lyse cells directly in the six-well plates by adding 1 ml TRIzol to each well and passing the cell lysate several times through a pipette. Incubate the homogenised samples for 5 to 10 min at RT, to allow the complete dissociation of nucleoprotein complexes.
2. Transfer lysate into 1.5 ml RNase- and DNase-free microcentrifuge tubes. Add 0.2 ml chloroform per 1ml TRIzol. Shake tubes vigorously by hand for 15 sec and incubate them at RT for 5 to 10 min. Centrifuge at 12,000 x g for 15 min at 4 °C. Observe the mixture separating into a lower red phase (phenol-chloroform), an interphase and a colorless upper aqueous phase. RNA remains exclusively in the aqueous phase.
3. Transfer carefully the upper aqueous phase to a fresh tube without disturbing the interphase. Precipitate the RNA from it by mixing with 0.5 ml of isopropyl alcohol. Incubate samples at RT for 10 min and centrifuge at 12,000 x g for 10 min at 4 °C. The RNA precipitates forming a white pellet on the side and bottom of the tube.
4. Remove supernatant. Wash the RNA pellet once with 1 ml of 75% ethanol. Mix the samples by vortexing and centrifuge at 7,500 x g for 5 min at 4 °C. Briefly dry the RNA (air dry for 10 min). Dissolve RNA in 0.1 ml DEPC (RNAse free water) and incubate for 10 min at 55 °C.
5. Quantify RNA using a spectrophotometer. To do so, dilute samples 100 times in DEPC water and read at wavelengths of 260 nm. The RNA concentration will then be: OD₂₆₀ x 40 ng/ul x dilution factor.
6. Equalize RNA concentrations and synthesize cDNA as per manufacturer’s instructions using RT-PCR System for First-Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit. As per manufacturer’s instructions, measure gene mRNA levels by real-time PCR (45 cycles) in a Real-Time DNA detection system. Normalize gene expression levels with two housekeeping gene for example β-actin and GAPDH.
   NOTE: Normalize RNA concentration to 500 µg/ml and use 0.5 µg for cDNA synthesis.

Results

We first characterized the isolated murine peritoneal macrophages by flow cytometry. To do so, we used (F4/80) antibodies that specifically recognize markers only expressed by macrophages. This characterization is required to determine the percentage of isolated macrophage and to distinguish them among cells obtained during the isolation process. As shown in (Figure 1), the percentage of cells expressing the antigen F4/80 was consistently found to be above 95%. Next, to study gene expression in macrophag...

Discussion

Macrophages are crucial for survival and provide a tempting target to manipulate the host for immunological objectives. The discovery of TLRs and other recognition molecules have conducted the macrophages to the centre of immunological debate. Macrophages respond to a variety of stimuli, including cytokines, damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs)²⁰ and molecules associated with groups of pathogens (PAMPs)²¹. These different stimuli responses represent the course of macrophages activat...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
C57BL/6 mice	Charles River Laboratories, Inc. (Wilmington, MA, USA)	475
Thioglycollate	Sigma-Aldrich, (St. Louis, MO)	19032-500G
70% ethanol
10% sodium pentobarbital (Used for mice anesthesia (80 mg/kg, i.p.))
Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS), placed on ice and will serve to harvest macrophages	WISENT INC Canada (QC)	311-425-CL
RPMI medium 1640 (Supplement with penicillin, streptomycin, L-glutamine, and 10 % fetal calf serum).	WISENT INC Canada (QC)	350-000-CL
1 and 5 ml syringes	BD USA (NJ)	309659
6-well plates	Corning Incorporated (NY, USA)	MCT-150-C
Bacterial lipoprotein Pam3CSK4 (0.5 mg/ml)	InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)	TLRL-pm25
Polyionosine–polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)) (10 mg/ml)	InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)	TLRL-PIC
LPS from Escherichia coli 055:B5 (100 ng/ml)	InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)	L2880
Purified flagellin from Salmonella typhimurium (100 ng/ml)	InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)	TLR-FLIC-10
Lipoprotein synthetic FSL1 (100 ng/ml)	InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)	TLR-FSL
ssRNA derived from the HIV-1 long terminal repeat ssRNA40 (1 μg/ml)	InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)	TLR-LRNA-40
Type B CpG oligonucleotide ODN1826 (1 μM)	InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)	11B16-MM
TRIzol	Invitrogen, (Burlington, ON, Canada)	15596-026
20 G and 23 G needles	BD USA (NJ)	305175
Scissor
Forceps
50 ml conical tubes placed on ice	Sarstedt (Newton, MA, USA)	62.547.205
Red Blood Cells Lysis Buffer	Sigma-Aldrich, (St. Louis, MO)	R7757-100ML
Refrigerated centrifuge
Hemocytometer
F4/80 antibody	BIO-RAD ( CA, USA)	MCA497APC
CD16/CD32 antibodies	Pharmingen, {Mississauga, ON, CA)	553141
Flow cytometer	Coulter Epics Elite counter, Coulter, (Hialeah, FL,USA)
1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes	Axygen Scietific (CA,USA)	3516
Chloroform	Fisher Scientific (ON, Canada)	UN1888
Isopropyl alcohol	JT Baker (PA, USA)	70566
75% ethanol (in DEPC treated water)	Commercial Alchohols (QC, Canada)	17394
0.01% diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) treated water (let stand overnight and autoclave)	Sigma-Aldrich, (St. Louis, MO)	216.542.8
Omniscript RT-PCR system	Qiagen, (Mississauga, ON, Canada)	205113
Rotor Gene 3000	Montreal Biotech, (Kirkland, QC, Canada)
QuantiTect SYBR Green I PCR kits	Qiagen, (Mississauga, ON, Canada)	204141