Visualization of Chondrocyte Intercalation and Directional Proliferation via Zebrabow Clonal Cell Analysis in the Embryonic Meckel’s Cartilage

Summary

Cell organization of craniofacial bones has long been hypothesized but never directly visualized. Multi-spectral cell labeling and in vivo live imaging allows visualization of dynamic cell behavior in zebrafish lower jaw. Here, we detail the protocol to manipulate Zebrabow transgenic fish and directly observe cell intercalation and morphological changes of chondrocytes in the Meckel’s cartilage.

Abstract

Development of the vertebrate craniofacial structures requires precise coordination of cell migration, proliferation, adhesion and differentiation. Patterning of the Meckel's cartilage, a first pharyngeal arch derivative, involves the migration of cranial neural crest (CNC) cells and the progressive partitioning, proliferation and organization of differentiated chondrocytes. Several studies have described CNC migration during lower jaw morphogenesis, but the details of how the chondrocytes achieve organization in the growth and extension of Meckel’s cartilage remains unclear. The sox10 restricted and chemically induced Cre recombinase-mediated recombination generates permutations of distinct fluorescent proteins (RFP, YFP and CFP), thereby creating a multi-spectral labeling of progenitor cells and their progeny, reflecting distinct clonal populations. Using confocal time-lapse photography, it is possible to observe the chondrocytes behavior during the development of the zebrafish Meckel’s cartilage.

Multispectral cell labeling enables scientists to demonstrate extension of the Meckel’s chondrocytes. During extension phase of the Meckel’s cartilage, which prefigures the mandible, chondrocytes intercalate to effect extension as they stack in an organized single-cell layered row. Failure of this organized intercalating process to mediate cell extension provides the cellular mechanistic explanation for hypoplastic mandible that we observe in mandibular malformations.

Introduction

Craniofacial development requires complex molecular, cellular and tissue interactions to drive cell proliferation, migration and differentiation^1,2,3. This tightly regulated and complex process is subject to genetic and environmental perturbations, such that craniofacial deformities are amongst the most common birth malformations^1-9. While surgical interventions remain the mainstay of treatment for craniofacial anomalies, understanding the development basis is essential to innovate future therapies. Therefore, studying the morphogenesis and the mechanisms in the convergence and extension and cell integration provides novel insights into the formation of the craniofacial skeleton¹.

Cranial neural crest migrate and populate the first pharyngeal arch, then form paired mandibular processes that extend to form the Meckel’s cartilage, which prefigures the mandible. Morphogenesis of the Meckel’s cartilage requires chondrocyte organization via directional proliferation, cell polarization and differentiation^1,10. However, the intricacy of chondrocyte organization in the growth and extension of the Meckel's cartilage remains unclear. Understanding dynamic cell behavior is critical to understanding congenital malformations affecting mandibular size, such as hypoplastic mandible phenotypes¹¹.

Zebrafish embryos offer many developmental and genetic advantages for detailed study of Meckel’s cartilage morphogenesis. Their genetic tractability, transparency, ex vivo and rapid development are powerful advantages lending it well for observation of cell movement and organization by live imaging⁶. Using lineage-tracing tools, such as sox10:kaede transgenic line, we and others have delineated the neural crest origins of the embryonic craniofacial skeleton^1,5. Using the sox10:ERT2-Cre with the ubi:Zebrabow-M transgenic line, it is now possible to explore details of cellular movements during craniofacial development. The Zebrabow-M, is a transgenic line engineered with the ubiquitin promoter driving the expression of different fluorophores, each flanked by Lox sites⁸. The Zebrabow-M default fluorophore is Red, expressing RFP. After induction of Cre expression, the Zebrabow-M construct recombines and cells express a combination of different fluorophores (RFP, CFP and YFP) creating multi-spectral expression in the embryo. All the daughter cells that divide from the labeled cells after the recombination event are then clonally labeled, so that cell populations that derive from different juxtaposed progenitors are clonally labeled. By this cloning cell labeling, cells proliferation and migration with clonal resolution can be followed (Figure 1 and 2).

Protocol

Massachusetts General Hospital Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) approved all procedures under protocol number #2010N000106. This is in compliance with the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (AAALAC) guidelines.

1. Reagents and Materials Preparation

1. Prepare 1 L of 50X E3 embryo medium (See Table 1) and prepare 1 L of 1X E3 embryo medium (See Table 2).
2. Prepare E3 embryo medium with N-Phenylthiourea (PTU) by adding 30 mg of PTU to 1 L of 1X E3. Stir O/N to ensure that the PTU has completely dissolved. Store at RT.
3. To prepare pronase solution, dilute 150 µl of pronase (0.5 mg/ml) with 15 ml of 1X E3. This amount is sufficient for 1 petri dish. Use immediately.
4. Prepare Methylcellulose solution.
   1. Prepare E3-tricaine solution by mixing 75 ml of 0.2% tricaine with 25 ml of 1X E3. Boil 3 g of methylcellulose in the 75 ml of E3-tricaine solution.
   2. Make up the final volume to 100 ml with E3-tricaine solution. The final methylcellulose solution is viscous and opaque with a yellowish tint. Storage: RT protected from the light.
5. Tamoxifen stock and induction solution
   1. Prepare 5 mM tamoxifen stock solution by dissolving 4-hydroxytamoxifen in 100% ethanol. Store stock at -80 °C.
   2. Prepare fresh dilution of tamoxifen at the desire concentration in 1X E3 to obtain the induction solution. CAUTION! Please consult MSDS before use.
6. Prepare 1 L of 0.2% tricaine as per Table 3.
7. Obtain confocal slides. Glue four coverglass (18 x 18) together to form a block then place 2 blocks on a 24 x 60 coverglass 2 cm apart to allow mounting of the embryo in the middle.

2. Embryo Preparation

1. Transgenic lines.
   NOTE: Zebrabow-M was a generous gift from Alex Schier’s laboratory.
2. sox10: ERT2-Cre
   NOTE: Generate the targeting vector pDestTol2-sox10:ERT2-Cre using standard molecular cloning methods and commercially obtained recombination cloning technology.
   1. Combine 5’ entry clone (pENTR5’-sox10p) containing 7.2Kb of the sox10 promoter, a Gateway middle clone (pME-ERT2-Cre), and a 3’ entry clone (pENTR3’-polyA) in an LR reaction with lens destination vector pDestTol2-α-crystallin:YFP.
   2. Purify construct pDestTol2-sox10:ERT2-Cre. Co-inject the purified construct (100 ng/µl) with Tol2 transposase mRNA (50 ng/µl) into WT embryos (F0) at the one cell stage.
   3. Screen F0 adult founders for germ-line transmission based on strong yellow fluorescence in F1 embryos.
3. sox10: ERT2-Cre;Zebrabow-M
   1. Outcross the Zebrabow-M line (2.1.1) with the sox10:ERT2-Cre transgenic line.
   2. Select embryos exhibiting a strong ubiquitous RFP expression and YFP lens marker and grow them till adults.

3. Embryo Collection

1. Set up several pairs of sox10:ERT2-Cre;Zebrabow-M transgenic zebrafish between 5 pm and 6 pm on Day 1.
2. The following day, pull the dividers in the morning and collect the eggs around noon.
3. Transfer them to petri dishes and add 15 ml of the pronase solution to dechorionate the embryos.
4. Incubate the embryos for 1 to 5 min until approximately 60% of the embryos have been dechorionated. Stop the reaction by decanting the pronase solution and wash the embryos 3-4 times with fresh E3 medium.
5. Incubate the dechorionated embryos in E3 at RT O/N and let them develop to reach the 10 somites stage. Incubate 50-60 embryos per clutch to avoid different developmental growth.

4. Treatment

1. Check the embryos’ developmental stage under a light field microscope to ensure they are at the 10 somites stage.
2. Using a fluorescent microscope with a red fluorescent protein (RFP) filter, isolate the bright red embryos.
3. Proceed to the induction of the Cre-recombination by adding 10 µM of hydroxytamoxifen solution to the petri dish and incubating the isolated embryos at 28.5 °C for 3 hr.
4. Decant the tamoxifen solution and wash the embryos several times with E3.
   CAUTION! discard the tamoxifen solution in a special biological waste container.
5. Incubate the embryos at 28.5 °C O/N.
6. When the embryos are approximately the 28-29 somites stage (around 24 hr post fertilization), incubate the embryos at 28.5 °C in E3-PTU solution hereafter.
   NOTE: PTU is here used to inhibit formation of melanophores in the developing embryos. This treatment is necessary to avoid the signal distortion of fluorescence by auto-fluorescent melanophores.
7. Incubate the embryos at 28.5 °C

5. Embryo Selection

1. To visualize the fully developed craniofacial structures, select the embryos at 4 days post fertilization for the intensity of the Red signal and Cre expression marker positivity (yellow in the retina).
2. Anesthetize the embryos with E3/0.015% tricaine solution. Anesthesia is confirmed when no active movements or fin activity is observed when gently prodding the embryo.

6. Mounting the Embryo in Methycellulose

1. Transfer the selected embryo for imaging into a petri dish containing a drop of methylcellulose and gently embalm the embryo with methylcellulose.
2. On a clean confocal slide, place a drop of fresh methylcellulose and mount your embryo within the drop using a microloader tip. Position embryo dorsally taking caution not to touch the embryo directly.
3. Cover the mounted embryo with a 25 x 25 coverslip and adjust the position of the embryo if necessary by manipulating the coverslip.
4. The embryo is now ready to image.

7. Analysis by Fluorescence Microscopy

1. Use the 20x dry lens objective (numerical aperture 0.75; pinhole size 2.0 µm) for focusing the embryo.
2. Press the L100 button on the microscope and select the channels in the software.
3. Select the confocal setup button and click ‘auto’ and select the following channels before closing the window: Ch1: CFP, Ch2: GFP, Ch3: RFP or mCherry
4. Turn on Ch2 and Ch3 before clicking the ‘remove interlock’ button. Click ‘play’ to begin scanning.
5. Focus on structure of interest, which is best done by starting with ½ frame/sec and high voltage (HV) 150 and then adjusting the settings accordingly until the desired image quality is achieved. The RFP would be brighter than other colors, therefore adjust the HV. Change the Z position to find both YFP and RFP positive cells.
6. Once set with the settings, capture the image of your embryo. Save your picture in the confocal imaging software format and TIFF format for image processing in each split channel.
7. Next, for CFP imaging, turn off Ch2 and Ch3 and turn on Ch1. Re-adjust the settings as in step 5 without changing the focus area.
   NOTE: CFP can be really hard to detect due to background signal in blue channel that can be circumvented by adjusting the pinhole size. A larger pinhole size permits better detection of the fluorescence by reducing signal/background noise ratio. However, a larger pinhole will reduce confocal effect, compromising image quality. Therefore, careful adjustment of the settings is required to achieve the desired image quality and intensity.
8. Capture the image and save it in the both format (confocal software and TIFF) for image processing. Images can then be processed using common image processing software to merge layers and improve color settings as described by Pan and colleagues ⁸.

Results

Traditional cartilage visualization by whole mount Alcian blue stains has been invaluable in observing the developing Meckel’s cartilage and commonly used to visualize final cellular organization¹² (Figure 1A). To further analyze the developing chondrocytes overtime, lineage tracing using sox10:Kaede transgenic lines has enabled us to study cell migration, convergence and extension in live embryos^2,12(Figure 1B). However, the organization of chondrocytes in...

Discussion

Alcian blue and photoconvertible transgenic lines as described above complements each other to define the intricate process of cartilage and bone development. However, live cellular migration and organization during organogenesis has long been hypothesized and indirectly demonstrated but never visualized. Zebrabow-M transgenic line coupled with a cartilage specific Cre permits simultaneous live observation of all these distinct events involved in bone and cartilage formation. This technique allows the study of lower jaw ...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Pronase	Roche Life Sciences	10165921001	Prepare 500 μl stock aliquots at 50 mg/ml
Methylcellulose	Sigma-Aldrich	M0262
PTU (N-Phenylthiourea)	Sigma-Aldrich	P7619
Tricaine	Sigma-Aldrich	E10521
4-HydoxyTamoxifen	Sigma-Aldrich	T176
24 x 60 coverslips	Fisher Scientific	12-548-5P
18 x 18 coverslips	Fisher Scientific	12-540A
25 x 25 coverslips	Fisher Scientific	12-540C
pENTR5'-TOPO TA Cloning Kit	Life technologies	K591-20
pENTR/D-TOPO Cloning Kit	Life Technologies	K2400-20
pENTR3'-pA	Tol2Kit	302
pDEST			Gift from Geoffrey Burns labs
Bright field microscope
Fluorescent microscope
Confocal microscope
Image processing software