Anti-virulent Disruption of Pathogenic Biofilms using Engineered Quorum-quenching Lactonases

Summary

Quorum-quenching enzymes are anti-virulent and anti-bacterial options that can mitigate pathogenesis without risk of incurring resistance, by preventing the expression of virulence factors and genes associated with antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation. In this study, we report a method that demonstrates the efficacy of quorum-quenching enzymes in bacterial biofilm disruption.

Abstract

The rapid emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria has accelerated the need for novel therapeutic approaches to counter life-threatening infections. The persistence of bacterial infection is often associated with quorum-sensing-mediated biofilm formation. Thus, the disruption of this signaling circuit presents an attractive anti-virulence strategy. Quorum-quenching lactonases have been reported to be effective disrupters of quorum-sensing circuits. However, there have been very few reports of the effective use of these enzymes in disrupting bacterial biofilm formation. This protocol describes a method to disrupt biofilm formation in a clinically relevant A. baumannii S1 strain through the use of an engineered quorum-quenching lactonase. Acinetobacter baumannii is a major human pathogen implicated in serious hospital-acquired infections globally and its virulence is attributed predominantly to its biofilm's tenacity. The engineered lactonase treatment achieved significant A. baumannii S1 biofilm reduction. This study also showed the possibility of using engineered quorum-quenching enzymes in future treatment of biofilm-mediated bacterial diseases. Lastly, the method may be used to evaluate the competency of promising quorum-quenching enzymes.

Introduction

Treatment options for infectious diseases have been complicated by the rapid increase in multidrug-resistant bacteria that are immune to a wide range of antibiotic drugs¹. With high morbidity and mortality rates from resistant bacteria-mediated infections, there is a need to escalate drug development processes and/or explore better anti-bacterial alternatives to improve therapeutic options. Lately, the anti-virulence approach is gaining interest given its potential in preventing virulence via non-bactericidal methods, hence mitigating the risks of resistance mechanisms².

Quorum-sensing is a 'master switch' in bacterial virulence and disruption of this signaling phenomenon is a promising anti-virulence method against pathogenesis³. The onset of virulence requires the accumulation of quorum molecules in the extracellular environment after a critical bacterial population density is reached. As quorum molecules diffuse back into the intracellular matrix, binding with their cognate receptors leads to the activation of virulence factors as well as genes associated with antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation⁴. In general, quorum-sensing disruption involves inhibiting quorum molecule and receptor interaction without affecting primary metabolic pathways. Hence, it does not have any direct implication on cellular growth. Since fitness is not compromised, there is minimal selection pressure for bacteria to evolve and gain resistance against such treatments⁵. In addition, quorum-sensing disruption can interfere with inherent bacterial protective mechanisms, as in the case of biofilm formation, which provides protection from anti-bacterial agents and host immune responses.

It is estimated that 99% of microbes on Earth exist in complex biofilm-like matrices, conferring crucial survival advantages to the microorganisms living within these structures⁶. More importantly, formation of these sessile domains is the cause of most persistent and chronic hospital-acquired infections⁷. Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the major human pathogens that is associated with global hospital-acquired infections and its virulence is largely attributed to quorum-sensing-mediated biofilm formation⁸. Quorum-quenching enzymes have been used successfully in disrupting quorum-mediated signal transduction by targeting a group of compounds known as N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) that are produced by Gram-negative bacteria⁹. Several studies have also expanded upon the use of these enzymes to block bacterial pathogenesis through the reduction of virulence factor expression and cell numbers in biofilms^10,11. Unfortunately, there remains a lack of palpable demonstration of the effective use of quorum-quenching enzymes against biofilm formation by bacterial pathogens. There have been attempts to use quorum inhibitors (AHL analogues), instead of quorum-quenching enzymes, to disrupt A. baumannii biofilm formation¹². Although this method of using small molecules inhibitors is a valid approach, sustaining its bioavailability in translational uses can be a challenge. On the contrary, the use of catalytic quorum-quenching enzymes could circumvent the bioavailability issue as enzymes are more amenable towards immobilization on surfaces of biomedical devices for therapeutic effects.

Here, we describe an assessment of the effects of engineered quorum-quenching lactonases from Geobacillus kaustophilus (GKL)¹³ on bacterial biofilm formation, using crystal violet staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). This study is the first successful demonstration of biofilm disruption in a clinically relevant A. baumannii S1 strain using quorum-quenching enzymes. The methods described in this study are useful for assessing the efficacy of other quorum-quenching enzymes in subsequent therapeutic development efforts against pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria.

Protocol

1. Crystal Violet Quantitation of Biofilm Formation in A. baumannii S1

1. Grow a 5 ml culture of A. baumannii S1 in Lysogeny broth (LB) (tryptone 10 g/L, yeast extract 5 g/L) at 30 °C in a shaking incubator (220 rpm) for 16 hr.
2. Adjust the culture of A. baumannii S1 to a desired OD₆₀₀ of 0.8. Using a 96-well plate, inoculate the bacteria culture (1:100 dilution) into fresh LB containing 10 µl of purified GKL enzyme (40 mg/ml); the new culture's final volume is 100 µl.
3. Prepare a control culture as well; this will not contain any enzyme. Repeat similar conditions to yield the desired number of replicates.
4. Cover the plate with a lid and place it into a sealed 10 L plastic container. Incubate the plate at 30 °C for 3 hr before gently removing the media.
5. Add another 100 µl of fresh LB medium to the well and incubate the plate for 21 hr at 30 °C.
6. After the second period of incubation, gently remove all the media. Wash the planktonic bacteria cell with 200 µl sterile water. Ensure that there is only minimal disturbance to the cells during washing.
7. Add 100 µl of 1% crystal violet solution to each well and incubate for 15 min at RT. Remove the crystal violet solution by washing the well with 200 µl sterile water. Repeat the wash for two more times.
8. Add 100 µl of 33% acetic acid to each well and incubate for 15 min with gentle shaking; this will dissolve the dye.
9. Quantitate the amount of biofilm formed by measuring the absorbance of crystal violet at 600 nm. The amount of crystal violet is proportional to the amount of biofilm formed.

2. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy of A. baumannii S1 Biofilm

1. Grow a 5 ml culture of A. baumannii S1 in LB at 30 °C in a shaking incubator (220 rpm) for 16 hr.
2. Adjust the culture of A. baumannii S1 to a desired OD₆₀₀ of 0.8. Using a 35 mm glass-bottomed µ-Dish, inoculate the bacteria culture (1:100 dilution) into fresh LB containing 30 µl of purified GKL enzyme (40 mg/ml); the new culture's final volume is 1 ml.
3. Cover the µ-Dish with a lid and place it in a sealed 10 L plastic container. Incubate the µ-Dish at 30 °C for 3 hr before gently removing the media. Add 30 µl of purified GKL enzyme and fresh medium, bringing it to a total volume of 1 ml. Incubate for another 21 hr at 30 °C.
4. Repeat step 2.3 and incubate the µ-Dish for another 24 hr at 30 °C. Then, remove the media gently.
5. Add 500 µl of 5 µg/ml Alex Fluo 488-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) dissolved in Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) to the µ-Dish and incubate at 37 °C for 30 min; this will stain the formed biofilm. Remove the staining solution and wash the µ-Dish with 2 ml of HBSS. Repeat the wash step one more time.
6. Add 500 µl of 3.7 % formaldehyde dissolved in HBSS and incubate at 37 °C for 30 min; this will fix the biofilm onto the µ-Dish. Wash the µ-Dish once with 2 ml of HBSS and then remove the solution completely. The µ-Dish fixed with biofilm can be stored in the dark at 4 °C prior to CLSM imaging.
7. For CLSM imaging and analysis, use 63 times magnification to generate 97 stacks per image with an interval of 0.21 µm per stack.

Results

In the crystal violet quantitation experiment, two quorum-quenching enzymes were used to demonstrate feasibility in disrupting biofilm formation: wild-type GKL and an improved GKL double mutant (E101G/R230C). Both enzymes have been shown to demonstrate lactonase activity against 3-hydroxy-decanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (3-OH-C₁₀-HSL), the major quorum molecule used by A. baumannii S1¹⁴. For valid assessment of biofilm disruption, their respective catalyticall...

Discussion

In both sets of experiment, A. baumannii S1 was cultured in LB media without NaCl as a high salt concentration may reduce the amount of biofilm formed by the bacteria¹⁵. The presence of such artifact could underestimate the amount of biofilm formed, as well as the effects of quorum-quenching enzymes across different treatment conditions. The use of a catalytically inactive enzyme is important as a negative control to eliminate the possible effects of enzyme sequestration. Figure 1 sho...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Tryptone	BD	211705
Yeast Extract	BD	212750
96-well plate	Costar	3596
Crystal Violet	Sigma-Aldrich	C6158
Acetic Acid	Lab-Scan	PLA00654X	Caution: Flammable
μ-Dish	Ibidi	80136
Alex Fluo 488-conjugated WGA	Invitrogen	W11261
Hank’s balanced salt solution	Invitrogen	141475095
Formaldehyde	Sigma-Aldrich	F8775	Caution: Corrosive
Synergy HT Microplate Reader	BioTek
1X-81 Inverted Fluorescence Microscope	Olympus