Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks

Summary

This manuscript describes an approach to measure neural activity of humans while solving spatially focused engineering problems. The electroencephalogram methodology helps interpret beta brain wave measurements in terms of neural efficiency, with the aim of ultimately enabling comparisons of task performance both between problem types and between participants.

Abstract

Spatial intelligence is often linked to success in engineering education and engineering professions. The use of electroencephalography enables comparative calculation of individuals' neural efficiency as they perform successive tasks requiring spatial ability to derive solutions. Neural efficiency here is defined as having less beta activation, and therefore expending fewer neural resources, to perform a task in comparison to other groups or other tasks. For inter-task comparisons of tasks with similar durations, these measurements may enable a comparison of task type difficulty. For intra-participant and inter-participant comparisons, these measurements provide potential insight into the participant's level of spatial ability and different engineering problem solving tasks. Performance on the selected tasks can be analyzed and correlated with beta activities. This work presents a detailed research protocol studying the neural efficiency of students engaged in the solving of typical spatial ability and Statics problems. Students completed problems specific to the Mental Cutting Test (MCT), Purdue Spatial Visualization test of Rotations (PSVT:R), and Statics. While engaged in solving these problems, participants' brain waves were measured with EEG allowing data to be collected regarding alpha and beta brain wave activation and use. The work looks to correlate functional performance on pure spatial tasks with spatially intensive engineering tasks to identify the pathways to successful performance in engineering and the resulting improvements in engineering education that may follow.

Introduction

Spatial ability is vital to Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) fields and education and correlates with success in these areas^1,2,3. Therefore, it is important to understand the development of how spatial ability impacts problem solving⁴. Spatial ability has been linked to interest⁵, performance⁶, success in engineering academics⁷ and success in engineering professionals⁸. However, there is not a lot of work indicating specific neural processes in solving problems typical to many spatial ability instruments, nor specific engineering content that is highly spatial.

Protocol

Ethical Statement Regarding Use of Human Participants

Procedures involved in this work have been approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Utah State University for the study of human subjects. It is recommended that any similar work should also be approved by the relevant IRB. Participants are allowed to stop or withdraw from the study at any time during the experiment.

1. Selection of Participants

1. Select participants on a voluntary basis from students currently enrolled in a Statics course. Ensure that the participants have been previously exposed to the Statics content they will see while in the study.
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Results

In this section, the preceding steps are illustrated with sample figures as described below. Full data summaries with statistical tests are not provided, as the objective of this paper is to focus on methods. Examples of potential PSVT:R, MCT, and Spatial problems are given in Figure 1, Figure 2, and Figure 3, respectively.

The EEG cap will collect brain activation via electrical potentials for each given channel, which can be viewed in parallel as shown in Figure 7. .......

Discussion

The protocol discusses the application of electroencephalography to measure brain activity for participants working problems from two typical spatial ability instruments and highly spatial engineering Statics problems. The methods detailed here may ultimately be able to help understand the neural efficiency of high and low performers engaged in working these problems. It is vital to understand any differences in neural efficiencies of engineering students working on the MCT and PSVT:R, as these tests are often used to as.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Emotiv EPOC Model 1.0	Emotiv	Model: Emotiv Premium	"High resolution, multi-channel, portable EEG system."
Emotiv Control Panel (software)	Emotiv		Used for data collection.
Emotiv Testbench (software)	Emotiv		Used for data collection.
Virtual Serial Port Emulator - VSPE (software)	ETERLOGIC.COM		Used COM10 in data collection. Available as a free download, depending on the operating system.
E-Prime 2.0 (software)	Psychology Software Tools		Used for data collection (presentation of problems to participants and collection of markers for different phases).
EEGLab 13.4.4b (software)	Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience (SCCN)		Used for data analysis. "An open source environment for electrophysiological signal processing". SCCN is a Center of the Institute for Neural Computation, the University of California San Diego.
MATLAB R2014b	The Mathworks, Inc.		Used to run EEGLab
Microsoft Excel 2013	Microsoft		Used to assemble and compare tabulated results from EEGLab & MATLAB, to create tables
Camcorder with built in Mic	Canon	CNVHFR50	Used to record sessions
Syringe Kit (5 cc syringe & 16 G blunted needles x 2)	Electro-Cap Intnl. Inc.	E7	For keeping the EEG cap's felts damp.
Nuprep EEG Skin Prep Gel	Weaver and Company	10-30	For cleaning the mastoid process.
Sanitizer	Purell	S-12808	For sanitizing hands