Loss- and Gain-of-function Approach to Investigate Early Cell Fate Determinants in Preimplantation Mouse Embryos

Summary

The goal of this protocol is to describe a loss- and gain-of function method that is applicable to identify neogenin as a stage-specific receptor that leads to trophectoderm and inner cell mass differentiation in preimplantation mouse embryos.

Abstract

Gene silencing and overexpression techniques are instrumental for the identification of genes involved in embryonic development. Direct target gene modification in preimplantation embryos provides a means to study the underlying mechanisms of genes implicated in, for instance, cellular differentiation into the trophectoderm (TE) and the inner cell mass (ICM). Here, we describe a protocol that examines the role of neogenin as an authentic receptor for initial cell fate determination in preimplantation mouse embryos. First, we discuss the experimental manipulations that were used to produce gain and loss of neogenin function by microinjecting neogenin cDNA and shRNA; the effectiveness of this approach was confirmed by a strong correlation between the pair-wise expression levels of either red fluorescent protein (RFP) or green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the immunocytochemical quantification of neogenin expression. Secondly, overexpression of neogenin in preimplantation mouse embryos leads to normal ICM development while neogenin knockdown causes the ICM to develop abnormally, implying that neogenin could be a receptor that relays extracellular cues to drive blastomeres to early cell fates. Given the success of this detailed protocol in investigating the function of a novel embryonic developmental stage-specific receptor, we propose that it has the potential to aid in exploration and identification of other stage-specific genes during embryogenesis.

Introduction

Preimplantation embryonic development can be divided into several distinct stages, from the one-cell stage to the morula and the blastocyst. Much evidence suggests that polarity and positional cues play a role in early cell fate determination into the trophectoderm (TE) and the inner cell mass (ICM). However, the nature of the cues, how they are transduced into cellular signals, and the physiological contexts in which such signals are capable of initiating cell lineage differentiation are not known. These differentiated cells then undergo specialization, beginning to take on characteristic structures and functions needed for embryo proper formation and growth of the placenta^1-3.

Pre-implantation embryos are particularly amenable to manipulation by direct injection of modified genetic materials like siRNA or target cDNA and thus can be utilized to study specific target molecules. There is a growing understanding that genetic analysis of vertebrate embryos is critical to advancing our understanding of embryonic development⁴. Precise introduction of a wild-type gene or a mutant form into an embryo in a timely context to accomplish gain- or loss-of-function of the gene has greatly facilitated the study of developmentally regulated genes. Loss- and gain-of-function via microinjection of genetic materials into individual early non-mammalian and mammalian embryos is relatively simple because of their large size and great receptivity⁵. Microinjection is typically performed using non-viral vectors. Particular advantage has been taken of the ease of using non-viral vectors over viral vectors and transgenes. A rapid loss- or gain-of-function expression system in mouse embryos has been developed that allows us to dissect and understand gene functions in vertebrate embryology^6,7.

Fluorescent labeling of embryos would greatly facilitate the selection of microinjected or genetically manipulated embryos and at the same time grant a means to indirectly quantify the expression level of microinjected siRNA or cDNA based on fluorescent intensity⁸. To accomplish this labeling, fluorescent protein cDNA, GFP or RFP, are co-injected as either fusion constructs or separately. The fluorescence intensity of GFP or RFP reveals the extent of expression of siRNA or foreign DNA to ensure that loss- or gain-of-function has been accomplished.

Here, we present a micromanipulation protocol for loss- and gain-of- function technique that allowed us to identify neogenin as a receptor that relays extracellular cues important in early cell differentiation in preimplantation mouse embryos.

Protocol

NOTE: All procedures for animal breeding and cares were conducted according to the IACUC regulations of Sahmyook University, Seoul, S. Korea.

1. Superovulation, Breeding and Oviduct Isolation

1. Maintain inbred C57BL/6 mice under the following conditions: 22 ± 3 °C, ~60% humidity, 12 hr light/dark cycle, and water and food ad libitum.
2. Induce superovulation of 3-5 week-old female mice by an intraperitoneal injection of 5 IU pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) at 0.1 ml/head followed 48 hr later by an intraperitoneal injection of 5 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) at 0.1 ml/head.
3. Immediately following hCG injection, mate superovulation-induced females with sexually mature males of the same strain by keeping them in the same cage overnight.
4. Next morning, confirm successful mating by the presence of a mating plug or vaginal plug on the female genital tract.
5. Sacrifice pregnant female mice by CO₂ intoxication followed by cervical dislocation 18-20 hr after hCG injection.
6. Open the abdominal cavity by cutting the skin and then the peritoneal layer with fine scissors.
7. Pick up the uterine horns with fine forceps and pull away the uterus, oviduct, ovary, and fat pad gently from the body cavity.
8. Cut the area between the oviduct and the ovary with fine scissors. Reposition the forceps and cut the uterus near the oviduct, leaving at least 1 cm of the upper part of the uterus attached.
9. Transfer the oviductal ampulla to a 35 mm Petri dish containing M16 medium at room temperature. Pool the oviducts from several mice in the same dish.
10. Place the dishes under a stereomicroscope for retrieval of embryos.

2. Retrieval and Culture of 2-Pronuclear (2-PN) Embryos

1. Cut the end of a 30 or 32 G hypodermic needle, grind it into a blunt tip, and use it as a flushing needle.
2. Use fine forceps to slide the end of the oviduct onto the flushing needle. Gently press the tip of the flushing needle against the bottom of the dish to hold it in place. Flush the oviduct with ~0.1 ml of M16 medium to release the 2-PN embryos into a Petri dish.
3. Recover the 2-PN embryos along with surrounding cumulus masses from the flushed M16 medium under the stereomicroscope using a sterile glass pipette and transfer them into a new Petri dish.
4. Dissociate cumulus cells from the 2-PN embryos by enzymatic digestion with 1.0 ml of 0.1-0.5% hyaluronidase in Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) at 37 °C for 5-10 min.
5. Denude embryos by gently pipetting with a glass pipette and physical removal of cumulus cells.
6. Wash denuded embryos three times with 30-50 ml of fresh phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) per embryo.
7. Incubate embryos in a 35 mm plastic Petri dish in M16 media supplemented with 10 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (BSA, Fraction V) at 37 °C in 5% CO₂ in a humidified incubator until the microinjection is made, which is usually less than 4 hr later.

3. Embryo Reverse Transcription (RT) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

1. Collect at least 10 embryos from each stage up to the blastocyst stage and pool them in 4.0 μl of 5x reverse transcriptase pre-mixture solution containing reverse transcriptase, RNase inhibitor, oligo dT primer, random 6mers, dNTP mixture, and the reaction buffer in a PCR tube.
2. Add RNase-free distilled H₂O to a total volume of 20 μl and sonicate the pooled embryos for 30 sec at 200 W. Initiate the RT reaction immediately at 42 °C for 1 hr followed by 5 min incubation at 95 °C.
3. For each 5.0 μl of cDNA solution generated, conduct normal PCR amplification with primers for neogenin, Cdx2, Sox2, Tead4, Nanog, Oct3/4, or β-actin (primer sequences given in Table 1. PCR consists of 40 cycles of 15 sec incubation at 95 °C, 30 sec at annealing temperature (shown in Table 1), and 30 sec at 72 °C.
4. Separate PCR products by electrophoresis on a 2% agarose gel and visualize the gel under UV light after staining with ethidium bromide.
5. Normalize target gene expression against β-actin levels.

4. Immunocytochemistry of Embryos

1. Fix embryos from each stage with 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 30 min at room temperature followed by a brief washing 3 times with PBS containing 0.01% BSA.
2. Permeabilize Cell membranes by incubating 10 embryos in 1.0 ml of PBS containing 0.1% Tween 20 and 0.1% TritonX-100 at room temperature for 10 min.
3. To block nonspecific binding incubate the permeabilized embryos in 1.0 ml of PBS supplemented with 10% normal goat serum for 30 min at room temperature.
4. Incubate the blocked embryos with rabbit anti-neogenin antibodies at 1:100 dilution in PBS containing 0.1% BSA overnight at 4 °C.
5. After three washes for 30 sec each in drops of PBS, incubate embryos with either Alexa 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG or Alexa 568-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG at 1:500 dilution in PBS/BSA solution overnight at 4 °C.
6. To visualize actin filaments, incubate embryos in 1 µg/ml phalloidin in PBS for 1 hr at room temperature.
7. Stain the nuclei by adding 5 ml PBS containing 1 µg/ml DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride) for 5 min at room temperature.
8. Wash embryos three times briefly with PBS.
9. Transfer embryos to a glass slide and cover them with a drop of mineral oil.
10. Take images at 1,000X magnification with a confocal microscope with an excitation of the appropriate wave length.

5. Preparation of Neogenin-RFP and Neogenin-siRNA GFP Plasmids

1. Subclone cDNA encoding mouse neogenin into a Red Fluorescent Protein (RFP)-containing vector, resulting in neogenin-flag-RFP.
2. Subclone small hairpin RNA targeting neogenin into an Emerald Green Fluorescent Protein (EmGFP)-containing vector, resulting in pcDNA-EmGFP-miR-neogenin (shown in Figure 1).
3. Amplify both neogenin-flag-RFP and pcDNA-EmGFP-miR-neogenin plasmids and purify them with conventional methods.
4. Adjust the final concentrations of plasmids to ~1.0 µg/ml in sterile Tris-EDTA (TE) buffer.

6. Microinjection of Plasmids into 2-PN Embryos

1. Wash the denuded 2-PN embryos once, briefly, with fresh M16 media.
2. Centrifuge the 2-PN embryos for 10 min at 1,000 x g in a table-top centrifuge to allow for observation of the pronuclei.
3. Incubate the embryos in a micro drop of 20-30 µl of M16 media per embryo under mineral oil at 37 °C in 5% CO₂ for an additional 1-2 hr.
4. Manufacture injection pipettes and holding pipettes by pulling borosilicate-glass capillary tubing (O.D = 1.2 mm; I.D = 0.94 mm) with a mechanical puller.
5. Fabricate injection pipettes to have blunt tips and polished openings of <500 µm tip length and 1-2 µm tip inner diameter using a microgrinder and a microforger.
6. Fabricate holding pipettes such that they have blunt tips and polished openings with an inner diameter of 20 µm and an outer diameter of 100 µm.
7. Load injection pipettes with a sufficient amount (>200 nl) of plasmid solution at 1.0 µg/µl.
8. Microinject  ~10 pl of plasmid solution for each 2-PN embryo into one of the pronuclei using a microinjector attached to a motorized micromanipulator; during this process, keep embryos in position by applying negative pressure with a holding pipette.
9. After microinjection, wash the 2-PN embryos 3 times with fresh M16 media for less than 1 min each time.
10. Culture the 2-PN embryos in a drop of fresh M16 media on a plastic culture dish covered by a mineral oil drop to prevent media evaporation.
11. Observe the embryos at 24 hr intervals under a differential interference contrast (DIC) inverted microscope at 200X magnification.

Results

We discovered that neogenin is transiently expressed during the early developmental stages of preimplantation mouse embryos, appearing as early as at the 2-cell stage and lasting until the early morula but becoming deficient at the late morula and blastocyst stages (Figure 2A). In addition, the spatial distribution of neogenin was restricted mainly to outside cells. The results of RT-PCR analysis were consistent with the early and transient nature of neogenin expression, ...

Discussion

In the present protocol, we demonstrate novel methods of microinjection of genetic materials, either cDNA or shRNA, into the 2-PN mouse embryos to explore the role of neogenin in early cell differentiation during mouse embryogenesis. Genetic modification of preimplantation embryos is a powerful technique in uncovering key information about underlying molecular mechanisms for, for example, the first cell lineage determination. Genetic modification is one of the most commonly used methods for ascertaining gene function. Wi...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
M16 medium,	Gibco BRL (Grand Island, NY)	M7292 LOT# 11A832
Goat serum,	Dako (Glostrup, Denmark)	X0907
PMSG	Folligon, Intervet, Holland	G4877-1000IU LOT#SLBD0719V
Mineral oil	Sigma Aldrich	CG5-1VL LOT# SLBC6783V
human chorionic gonadotropin and pregnant mare serum gonadotropin	(Intervet, Holland)	(invitrogen , 15596-026)
SuperScript® III Reverse Transcriptase	lifetechnologies	18080-044
PCR pre mixture	(Bioneer, Daejon, S. Korea)	GenDEPOT , A0224-050
Agarose (molecular grade)	BioRad	161-3101
Paraformaldehyde Solution, 4% in PBS	Affymetrix USA	19943
polyclonal rabbit anti-neogenin antibody	Santa Cruz Biotechnology, US	SC-15337
Alexa fluor 488 labeled anti-rabbit antibody	Molecular Probes (Invitrogen, USA)	A-11094
Alexa fluor 555 labeled anti-rabbit antibody	Molecular Probes (Invitrogen, USA)	A-21428
Alexa Fluor® 555 Phalloidin	Molecular Probes (Invitrogen, USA)	A34055
DAPI (4',6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride)	Invitrogen, USA	D1306
Recombinant Human RGM-C/Hemojuvelin	R&D systems	3720-RG
all plasmid constructs	Prof. Wen Cheng Xiong at Georgia Health Sciences University (Agusta, GA).		for the present studies were kindly provided by
Neon®  Transfection System	lifetech	MPK10096
Stereo Microscrope	Nikon	SMZ1000
Micromainpulation system with Nikon	Nikon	Narishige ONM-1
Micro Injector	Nikon Narishige	GASTIGHT #1750
Holder	Nikon Narishige	Narishige IM 16
Microfuge	Nikon Narishige	Narishige MF-900
grinder	Narishige	EG400
Puller	Sutter Instrumnet company	P-97
CO2 incubator	Thermo Scientific Forma	EW-39320-16
Veriti® 384-Well Thermal Cycler	lifetechnologies	4388444