An Experimental Analysis of Children's Ability to Provide a False Report about a Crime

Summary

The current methodology is designed to provide an ecologically relevant approach for measuring the veracity, length and quality of children's true and false testimonies. Implications of the current methodology for future research and professionals who interview children will also be discussed.

Abstract

A considerable amount of research has evaluated children's lie-telling behaviors and skills^1-2; however, limitations with the tasks used for eliciting false testimonies and interviewing children have restricted the generalizability of the findings. The primary aim of the current study is to provide an easy-to-administer and ecologically valid method for measuring the veracity and quality of school-aged children's (ages 6-11) testimonies when they are asked to provide different types of true and false reports. Moreover, the methodology enables researchers to examine the social and developmental factors that could influence the credibility of a child's testimony. In the current study, children will witness a theft, and are then asked to either falsely deny the transgression, falsely accuse a researcher of the theft, or tell the truth. Afterwards, children are to be interviewed by a second researcher using a thorough and ecologically valid interview protocol that requires children to provide closed-ended and free-recall responses about the events with the instigator (E1). Coders then evaluate the length and number of theft-related details the children give throughout the interview, as well as their ability to maintain their true and false reports. The representative results indicate that the truth and lie-telling conditions elicit the intended behaviors from the children. The open-ended interview questions encouraged children to provide free-recall information about their experiences with E1. Moreover, findings from the closed-ended questions suggest that children are significantly better at maintaining their lies with age, and when producing a false denial compared to a false accusation. Results from the current study can be used to develop a greater understanding of the characteristics of children's true and false testimonies about crime, which can potentially benefit law enforcement, legal staff and professionals who interview children.

Introduction

The primary goal of the present study is to provide an ecologically valid method for evaluating children's true and false testimonies in an experimental setting. Children's intentional false reports in police and forensic interviews have lowered the public's trust in the validity of child testimonies because of the potential negative consequences to the accused, accuser and criminal justice system^3-6. A considerable amount of research has evaluated children's ability to falsely deny an event or transgression to protect someone^7-12, yet considerably less is known about children's abilities to make a false accusation^13-14

Protocol

NOTE: The following protocol was developed in accordance with the ethical standards approved by the McGill University Research Ethics Board. For all studies with children and involving deception, it is required to obtain Ethics Approval from the university or institution. Please note that different Ethics Boards may have different requirements.

1. Preparation for the Experiment

1. Instruct E1 to memorize the necessary dialogue for each experimental condition (Appendix B), and E2 should become familiar with the questions in the interview protocol (Appendix A). Ple....

Results

Patterns of Lie-telling Behavior

Figure 1 shows the rate of children's lie-telling behavior in each experimental condition. As reported in Wyman, Taieb-Lachance, Foster, Crossman and Talwar (under review), child participants were more willing to tell a lie in the lie-telling conditions compared to the truth-conditions; however, no differences were found in the percentage of lie-tellers in the FD and FA condition.......

Discussion

The current methodology is designed to provide researchers with an ecologically valid method for evaluating different types of children's true and false reports. The representative findings suggest that the current methodology can encourage children to provide both false denials and false accusations about a high-cost event. In comparison to past studies that only examined children's false denials after witnessing a low-cost event (e.g., breaking a toy) ^{8, 9, 12}, the current study can produce .......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Testing Room	N/A	N/A	The room where the rapport-building activities and theft occur. The room should have at least two chairs and two tables. One table will be used for the rapport-building activities and interactions between the instigator (E1) and the child participant. The second table will have the jacket and wallet placed on it. Other items, such as books, a labtop, flowers and office items can be placed on the second table to conceal the wallet.
Common Room	N/A	N/A	Parents and other family members will remain in this room for the duration of the study. Comfortable chairs, a table, magazines, and age-appropriate toys will make the overall study experience more enjoyable for the family.
Interview Room	N/A	N/A	The room that will be used to interview the children. The room should have a table, two-chairs, and hidden cameras to record the interview.
Consent Form	N/A	N/A	Form that the parents complete prior to beginning the study. It should include a detailed explanation of the study, along with all the ethics considerations. Parents should sign this form before commencing the activities with the child.
Demographics Form	N/A	N/A	A form that that provides any demographic information that is needed for the study, such as the race, income, religious background, and level of education of the family.
Rapport-building Activities	N/A	N/A	Age-appropriate games and cognitive measures, such as a standardized verbal ability task. The rapport-building activities should take between 30 to 40 min.
Jacket	N/A	N/A	A jacket that would realistically be worn according to the weather outside.
Wallet	N/A	N/A	A gender-neutral wallet that includes fake identification cards, such as an old bus pass, and a twenty-dollar bill.
Puzzle	N/A	N/A	A child-friendly puzzle that can be completed in 5 to 10 min. The current study utilized a puzzle that included 30 pieces.
Interview Script	N/A	N/A	The interview script used in the current study.
Hidden Cameras	N/A	N/A	Any camera that can easily be hidden from the child participants. The camera(s) should also be able to record individual HD videos for at least 30 min.
Word Processing Program	N/A	N/A	Any word processing program that can be used to transcribe the videos. This program should also be able to count the number of words in a document.
Statistical Analysis Program	N/A	N/A	Any statistical analysis program that can perform chi-square or logistic regressions for children’s willingness to lie data, and linear regressions on children’s maintenance scores.