Development of an In Vitro Ocular Platform to Test Contact Lenses

Summary

Current in vitro models for evaluating contact lenses (CLs) and other eye-related applications are severely limited. The presented ocular platform simulates physiological tear flow, tear volume, air exposure and mechanical wear. This system is highly versatile and can be applied to various in vitro analyses with CLs.

Abstract

Currently, in vitro evaluations of contact lenses (CLs) for drug delivery are typically performed in large volume vials,^1-6 which fail to mimic physiological tear volumes.⁷ The traditional model also lacks the natural tear flow component and the blinking reflex, both of which are defining factors of the ocular environment. The development of a novel model is described in this study, which consists of a unique 2-piece design, eyeball and eyelid piece, capable of mimicking physiological tear volume. The models are created from 3-D printed molds (Polytetrafluoroethylene or Teflon molds), which can be used to generate eye models from various polymers, such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and agar. Further modifications to the eye pieces, such as the integration of an explanted human or animal cornea or human corneal construct, will permit for more complex in vitro ocular studies. A commercial microfluidic syringe pump is integrated with the platform to emulate physiological tear secretion. Air exposure and mechanical wear are achieved using two mechanical actuators, of which one moves the eyelid piece laterally, and the other moves the eyeballeyepiece circularly. The model has been used to evaluate CLs for drug delivery and deposition of tear components on CLs.

Introduction

Two significant areas of interest within the contact lens (CL) arena include discomfort and the development of novel CL applications. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying CL discomfort is an issue that has eluded the field for decades.⁸ The development of novel, functional CLs, such as drug-delivery devices^1,3,9 and biosensors,^10-12 is an area of growing interest, with substantial potential markets. In both circumstances, a sophisticated in vitro model would provide relevant information to assist with selecting appropriate lens materials or design characteristics during the development phase. Unfortunately, current <....

Protocol

All experiments were completed in accordance and compliance with all relevant guidelines outlined by the University of Waterloo's animal research ethics committee. The bovine eyes are generously donated from a local abattoir.

1. Eye Model

1. Design and Production of Molds¹³
   1. Design the eye models according to the average physiological dimensions of human adult eyes.¹³
   2. Leave a gap of 250 µm between the eyeball and the eyelid pieces of the eye model. Design the respective molds using computer-aided design (CAD) software.
   3. Create new .cad file or .sldprt file with AutoCAD or Solidworks. Create....

Results

The synthesized eye molds obtained from the machine shop and from 3-D printing are shown in Figure 1. These molds can be used with a variety of polymers, such as PDMS and agarose, to produce eyepieces with the desired properties. The motioned assembly of the eye model platform with a microfluidic syringe pump is shown in Figure 2. The platform simulates mechanical wear via the rotation of the eyeball piece, and air exposure through the lateral in and out .......

Discussion

There are three critical steps within the protocol that require special attention: design and production of molds (section 1.1), platform assembly (section 2.2.1-2.2.3), and monitoring the experimental run (section 2.2.4-2.2.7). In terms of the design and production of molds (section 1.1), the eyeball piece should be designed according to the dimensions of a human cornea. However, it may require multiple prototypes of the mold before an eyeball piece can be created that perfectly fits a commercial contact lens (CL). In a.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Arduino Uno R3 (Atmega328 - assembled)	Adafruit	50	Board
Stepper motor	Adafruit	324	Motor and Motor shield
Equal Leg Coupler 1.6mm 1/16"	VWR	CA11009-280	50 pcs of tube connector
Tubing PT/SIL 1/16"x1/8"	VWR	16211-316	Case of 50feet
PDMS	Dow Corning	Sylgard 184 Solar Cell Encapsulation
Agarose, Type 1-A, low EEO	Sigma-Aldrich	A0169-25G
PHD UltraTM	Harvard Apparatus	703006	MicroFluidic Pump
Bovine cornea	Cargill, Guelph/ON
Soldidworks	Dassault Systemes		Software
3-D printing	University of Waterloo - 3D Print Centre
Dissection tools	Fine Science Tools		General dissection tools
Medium 199	Sigma-Aldrich		Culture medium storage for cornea
Fetal bovine serum	Thermo Fisher		Add to culture medium, 3% total volume