Solvent Bonding for Fabrication of PMMA and COP Microfluidic Devices

Summary

Solvent bonding is a simple and versatile method for fabricating thermoplastic microfluidic devices with high quality bonds. We describe a protocol to achieve strong, optically clear bonds in PMMA and COP microfluidic devices that preserve microfeature details, by a judicious combination of pressure, temperature, an appropriate solvent, and device geometry.

Abstract

Thermoplastic microfluidic devices offer many advantages over those made from silicone elastomers, but bonding procedures must be developed for each thermoplastic of interest. Solvent bonding is a simple and versatile method that can be used to fabricate devices from a variety of plastics. An appropriate solvent is added between two device layers to be bonded, and heat and pressure are applied to the device to facilitate the bonding. By using an appropriate combination of solvent, plastic, heat, and pressure, the device can be sealed with a high quality bond, characterized as having high bond coverage, bond strength, optical clarity, durability over time, and low deformation or damage to microfeature geometry. We describe the procedure for bonding devices made from two popular thermoplastics, poly(methyl-methacrylate) (PMMA), and cyclo-olefin polymer (COP), as well as a variety of methods to characterize the quality of the resulting bonds, and strategies to troubleshoot low quality bonds. These methods can be used to develop new solvent bonding protocols for other plastic-solvent systems.

Introduction

Microfluidics has emerged over the past twenty years as a technology well suited for studying chemistry and physics at the microscale¹, and with growing promise to significantly contribute to biology research^2-4. The majority of microfluidic devices have historically been made from poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), a silicone elastomer that is easy to use, inexpensive, and offers high quality feature replication⁵. However, PDMS has well-documented shortcomings and is incompatible with high-volume fabrication processes^6,7, and as such, there has been a growing trend toward fabricating microfluidic devices f....

Protocol

Note that all of the steps described below have been developed and performed in a non-cleanroom environment. The solvent bonding steps can certainly be performed in a cleanroom, if available, but this is not required.

1. Preparation of Thermoplastic Microfluidic Device Layers

1. Design and fabricate microfluidic device layers from the thermoplastic of choice, using an appropriate fabrication method (e.g., micromilling¹⁵, embossing^16-18, injection molding).
2. Visually inspect device layers to ensure that edges are "clean" (i.e., no burrs or ridges of lefto....

Results

A schematic of the general solvent bonding procedure is shown in Figure 1. The easiest way to assess bond quality is to visually inspect bond coverage, since poor bond coverage is easily visible as regions of unbonded plastic, and is indicative of weak bonding. Such regions are typically near free edges (e.g., periphery of device, or near open ports or microchannels), and can also often appear around any particles of dirt or dust at the bonding interface. Poor bo.......

Discussion

The feasibility of potential bonding strategies depends on available equipment. While hotplates are relatively common and free weights can be purchased inexpensively, high pressure strategies will require the use of a heated press. For example, our optimal PMMA bonding recipe requires high pressure to bond with ethanol (see Table 1), and the required pressure is not attainable for typical device sizes using free weights. Thus, if only a hotplate and weights are available, PMMA can instead be bonded with .......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
COP	Zeonor	604Z1020R080	20 kg COP Pellets - 1020R. Multiple suppliers can be used, but may affect bonding characteristics.
PMMA	McMaster Carr	8560K173	1.5 mm sheet thickness for our typical applications. Multiple suppliers can be used, but may affect bonding characteristics.
Cyclohexane	Sigma-Aldrich	227048	Cyclohexane, anhydrous, 99.5%. Multiple suppliers can be used. Toxic, requires fumehood.
Ethanol	Sigma-Aldrich	24102	Ethanol, absolute, ≥99.8% (GC). Multiple suppliers can be used.
Acetone	Sigma-Aldrich	179124	Acetone, ACS reagent, ≥99.5%. Multiple suppliers can be used.
2-Propanol	Sigma-Aldrich	278475	2-Propanol, anhydrous, 99.5%. Multiple suppliers can be used.
Hot plate(s)	Torrey Pines Scientific	HP60	Fully programmable digital hotplate. Multiple suppliers can be used.
Free weights	Cap Barbell	RPG#2	Standard cast iron plate. Multiple suppliers and different weights can be used.
Heated press	Carver	Auto CH	Auto series heated hydraulic press. Multiple suppliers can be used. A press that fits in a fumehood would allow the most flexibility (this model does not).
CNC Milling Machine	Tormach	PCNC 770	3 Axis CNC mill. Multiple suppliers can be used.
Endmills	Various	Various	Required sizes depend on designs. Multiple suppliers can be used.