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Method Article

Analysis of Chromosome Segregation, Histone Acetylation, and Spindle Morphology in Horse Oocytes

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DOI:

10.3791/55242

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May 11th, 2017

 ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , 
1Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 2IRCCS. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 3PRC, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, INRA, 4PAO, INRA, 5Clinique des Animaux de Compagnie et des Équidés, Université de Liège, 6University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

In This Article

Summary

This manuscript describes an experimental approach to morphologically and biochemically characterize horse oocytes. Specifically, the present work illustrates how to collect immature and mature horse oocytes by ultrasound-guided ovum pick-up (OPU) and how to investigate chromosome segregation, spindle morphology, global histone acetylation, and mRNA expression.

Abstract

The field of assisted reproduction has been developed to treat infertility in women, companion animals, and endangered species. In the horse, assisted reproduction also allows for the production of embryos from high performers without interrupting their sports career and contributes to an increase in the number of foals from mares of high genetic value. The present manuscript describes the procedures used for collecting immature and mature oocytes from horse ovaries using ovum pick-up (OPU). These oocytes were then used to investigate the incidence of aneuploidy by adapting a protocol previously developed in mice. Specifically, the chromosomes and the centromeres of metaphase II (MII) oocytes were fluorescently labeled and counted on sequential focal plans after confocal laser microscope scanning. This analysis revealed a higher incidence in the aneuploidy rate when immature oocytes were collected from the follicles and matured in vitro compared to in vivo. Immunostaining for tubulin and the acetylated form of histone four at specific lysine residues also revealed differences in the morphology of the meiotic spindle and in the global pattern of histone acetylation. Finally, the expression of mRNAs coding for histone deacetylases (HDACs) and acetyl-transferases (HATs) was investigated by reverse transcription and quantitative-PCR (q-PCR). No differences in the relative expression of transcripts were observed between in vitro and in vivo matured oocytes. In agreement with a general silencing of the transcriptional activity during oocyte maturation, the analysis of the total transcript amount can only reveal mRNA stability or degradation. Therefore, these findings indicate that other translational and post-translational regulations might be affected.

Overall, the present study describes an experimental approach to morphologically and biochemically characterize the horse oocyte, a cell type that is extremely challenging to study due to low sample availability. However, it can expand our knowledge on the reproductive biology and infertility in monovulatory species.

Introduction

A vast array of assisted reproduction techniques has been developed to treat infertility in women, companion animals, and endangered species. One of the most common procedures in clinical settings is the retrieval of metaphase II (MII)-stage oocytes from the ovarian follicles by ultrasound-guided transvaginal aspiration, ovum pick-up (OPU)1. These oocytes are then fertilized in vitro (IVF), with the resulting embryo(s) implanted in a recipient uterus. The MII-stage (mature) oocytes are retrieved following the administration of exogenous gonadotropins. However, this treatment is associated, in some patients, with the development of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS)2.

Taking advantage of the intrinsic ability of fully-grown, immature oocytes (GV-stage) to spontaneously resume meiosis once isolated from their follicles, it is possible to obtain mature oocytes without administering gonadotropin3. This procedure is called oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) and represents a less drug-oriented, less expensive, and more patient-friendly approach to assisted reproductive technology. However, the success of embryo development with in vitro-matured oocytes is generally lower than with in vivo matured oocytes4,5. A possible explanation is that in vitro matured oocytes are more affected by errors in chromosome segregation, and the resulting aneuploidy impairs normal embryonic development6.

Understanding the molecular basis of chromosomal mis-segregation during IVM would ultimately disclose the full potential of this technique. In this vein, the experimental approach used to investigate the morphological and biochemical features of in vitro-matured oocytes, compared to in vivo matured oocytes is here described7,8. Specifically, the procedures for the OPU of immature and mature oocytes and the IVM of immature oocytes are illustrated using adult and naturally-cycling horses as an experimental model. Then, immunofluorescence and image analysis are used to investigate chromosome segregation, spindle morphology, and the global pattern of histone acetylation on these gametes. Finally, a protocol of reverse-transcription and quantitative PCR is described for the analysis of mRNA expression.

Compared with rodent animal models, horses do not allow genetic manipulation, are less easy to manipulate, and require expensive maintenance. However, this model is gaining considerable interest for the study of oocyte maturation9,10 due to the similarity to human ovarian physiology11,12. Moreover, the development of reliable protocols of IVM-IVF in the horse has a substantial economic interest, as it would allow for an increase in the number of foals from mares of high genetic value.

One of the limitations of performing experiments on oocytes, especially in monovulatory species, is the restricted sample availability. This limit has been overcome here by adjusting an approach, previously developed in mice, to horse oocytes13,14 in order to conduct chromosome counting that minimizes the sample loss (see the discussion for a comparison with other available techniques). Moreover, a triple-fluorescence staining protocol has been optimized to conduct multiple analyses on the same sample, and q-PCR analyses were performed on pools of 2 oocytes only.

Overall, the present study describes an experimental approach aimed to morphologically and biochemically characterize the horse oocyte, a cell type that is extremely challenging to study due to the low sample availability. However, it can expand our knowledge of the reproductive biology and infertility of monovulatory species.

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Protocol

All the procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee CEEA Val de Loire Number 19 and were performed in accordance with the Guiding Principles for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.

1. Oocyte Collection and In Vitro Maturation

  1. Ovum pick-up
    1. Daily assess by ultrasound the diameter of ovarian follicles in a cohort of adult mares. At the emergence of a follicle ≥33 mm (dominant follicle), inject the mare with 1,500 IU of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) in the upper part of the jugular vein (i.v.).
      1. Before performing the injection, swab the area with alcohol, locate the jugular furrow, and place the thumb 2-3 cm under the site of injection to induce the vein to rise. Insert the needle almost parallel to the neck and aspirate to make sure that the needle is in the vein (the blood will enter the syringe). At this point, inject; hCG will induce the maturation of the oocyte in the dominant follicle.
    2. 35 h after the hCG injection, sedate the mare with detomidine (15 µg/kg, i.v.), butorphanol tartrate (10 µg/kg, i.v.) and butylscopolamine bromure (0.2-0.3 mg/kg, 15 mL/mare, i.v.).
    3. Connect the needle to the ultrasound probe. Insert the ultrasound probe vaginally and hold the ovary transrectally to face the ultrasound probe. Instruct one operator to maneuver the needle and the other to hold the ovary in place, with the follicle facing the ultrasound probe. Start from the ovary with the dominant follicle.
    4. Puncture the vaginal wall and the wall of the dominant follicle with the needle (ultrasound probes for OPU are equipped with a channel for the needle connected to a suction system); theneedle will be visible in the echographic image.
    5. Aspirate the follicular fluid in a 50-mL conical tube connected to the suction system. Pour the content of the conical tube into a large petri dish and search for the cumulus-oocyte complex (COC) using a stereomicroscope.
    6. Since the COC is not always retrieved with the follicular fluid, flush the follicle with Dulbecco's modified phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) containing 5 IU/mL heparinat 37 °C. Examine DPBS for COC presence, as previously described for the follicular fluid in step 1.1.5. Flush several times until the COC is retrieved.
    7. Once the COC from the dominant follicle is retrieved, puncture and flush the follicles ≥5 and ≤25 mm, as described for the dominant follicle in steps 1.1.3-1.1.4; follicles ≥5 and ≤25 do not express luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR), and therefore, their oocytes will not mature in response to hCG and will be collected at GV stage (immature). Only keep COCs with several complete layers of cumulus cells and brown, finely-granulated ooplasm. Discard the others.
    8. At the end of the OPU, inject the mare with benzyl-penicillin 15,000 IU/animal to prevent infection.
    9. House the mare in a quiet, clean stable for at least 2 h. Check signs of awareness by determining the position of the ears, reaction to stimuli (e.g., noise), and gait before returning the mare to the company of other animals.
  2. In vitro maturation
    1. Warm HEPES-buffered TCM199 (20 mM Hepes) supplemented with 1,790 IU/L heparin, 0.4% bovine serum albumin (BSA), penicillin, and streptomycin to 37 °C. Prepare this medium in advance. Filter-sterilize and keep it at 4 °C for up to 6 months.
    2. Prepare the IVM medium by supplementing NaHCO3-buffered TCM199 (25 mM NaHCO3) with 50 ng/mL epidermal growth factor (EGF) and 20% calf serum7. Use NaHCO3-buffered TCM199 within 3 weeks of opening a new bottle. Prepare the EGF in advance as 100x stocks, freeze it at -20 °C, and use it within 6 months. Dispense 500 µL in the wells of a 4-well dish and incubate in humidified air with 5% CO2 at 38.5 °C for at least 2 h.
    3. After the retrieval of the COCs from the ≥5 and ≤25 mm follicles, put them in a petri dish (3.5-cm diameter) filled with 2 mL of HEPES-TCM199. Move the COCs to different areas of the dish in order to wash away the cellular debris.
    4. Transfer the COCs to the IVM medium and incubate for 28 h in humidified air with 5% CO2 at 38.5 °C.

2. Immunofluorescence and Image Analysis

  1. Chromosome count
    1. After collection from the dominant follicle or at the end of IVM, incubate the COCs with 100 µM monastrol for 1 h in humidified air with 5% CO2 at 38.5 °C. Prepare monastrol in advance as 100x stocks and store it at -20 °C for up to 1 year.
    2. Remove the cumulus cells by treating them with 0.5% hyaluronidase or by gently pipetting; remove the zona pellucida by treating it in 0.2% pronase. Prepare hyaluronidase and pronase in advance as 10x stocks and store them at -20 °C for up to 1 year.
    3. Fix the oocytes in 4% paraformaldehyde in DPBS for 15 min at 38.5 °C followed by a further 45 min at 4 °C.
      CAUTION! Wear personal protective equipment when handling paraformaldehyde, and dispose of contaminated materials in accordance with hazardous waste disposal guidelines.
    4. Wash the oocytes by sequentially transferring in 3 wells filled with 500 µL of DPBS supplemented with 0.1% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Permeabilize in 0.3% Triton X-100 for 10 min at room temperature (RT).
    5. Block non-specific bindingby incubation in DPBS supplemented with 1% bovine serum albumin (DPBS-1%BSA) and 10% normal donkey serum for at least 30 min at RT. Samples can be kept in blocking solution at 4 °C for 3-4 days.
    6. For primary staining, incubate the oocytes in rabbit anti-Aurora B phospho-Thr232 in DPBS supplemented with 1% BSA (dilution 1:50) at 4 °C overnight.
    7. Wash the oocytes as described in step 2.1.4. Incubate the oocytes in a solution of tetra-methylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC)-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit IgG (1:100 in DPBS-1% BSA) for 1 h at RT in the dark.
    8. Wash the oocytes as described in step 2.1.4, and then place 3-4 oocytes in a drop of non-hardening, anti-fade mounting medium supplemented with 20 µM YOPRO1 on a glass slide. Repeat the procedure until all the oocytes are mounted (3-4 oocytes per slide).
    9. Allow the oocytes to settle for about 10 min in the mounting medium, and then cover them with a coverslip. To avoid crushing the oocytes, apply two strips of double-sided tape before laying the coverslip on the glass slide.
      NOTE: This precaution will also ensure that all the samples are equally compressed between the glass slide and the coverslip. Glass slides can be frozen at -20 °C and imaged during the following 2-3 days.
    10. Image the samples on a confocal laser scanning microscope with a 60X objective using the red (centromeres) and green (chromosomes) channels7,13,14,20,21. Scan the samples spanning the whole metaphasic plate on the z-axis, with steps every 0.35 µm. Save the digitalized images of every single plan.
    11. Count the centromeres in serial confocal sections using the cell count function of the NIH ImageJ software (available at: https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/plugins/cell-counter.html).
      NOTE: Avoid a repeated count of centromeres that appear on adjacent sections by identifying the centromeres that appear, stay, and disappear in sequential sections with a numeric code.
    12. Repeat the chromosomal counting in step 2.1.11 with an independent operator.
      NOTE: Classify the oocytes as euploid (32 chromosomes), hyperploid (>32), or hypoploid (<32).
  2. Spindle morphology and histone acetylation
    1. After collection from the dominant follicle or at the end of the IVM, remove the cumulus cells by treatment in 0.5% hyaluronidase or by gentle pipetting, as described in step 2.1.2.
    2. Wash the oocytes in DPBS-PVA, as in step 2.1.4, and fix them in 2.5% paraformaldehyde for 20 min at 38 °C. Extensively wash, as described in step 2.1.4, and permeabilize in 0.1% Triton X-100 for 5 min at RT.
      NOTE: Wear personal protective equipment when handling paraformaldehyde and dispose of contaminated materials in accordance with hazardous waste disposal guidelines.
    3. Block non-specific bindingby incubation in DPBS supplemented with 2% bovine serum albumin (DPBS - 2%BSA), 0.05% saponin, and 10% normal donkey serum for 2 h at RT.
      NOTE: Samples can be kept in blocking solution at 4 °C for 3 - 4 days.
    4. For primary staining, incubate the oocytes in mouse anti-alpha-tubulin (1:150) and rabbit anti-acH4K16 (1:250) in DPBS-2% BSA with 0.05% saponin at 4 °C overnight.
    5. Wash the oocytes as in step 2.1.4. Incubate the oocytes in a solution of green fluorescent dye-conjugated donkey anti-mouse IgG (1:500) and TRITC-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit IgG (1:100) in DPBS-2% BSA with 0.05% saponin for 1 h at RT in the dark.
    6. Wash the oocytes as in step 2.1.4, and then place 3-4 oocytes in a drop of the non-hardening, anti-fade mounting medium supplemented with 1 µg/mL 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) on a glass slide.
    7. Mount the oocytes on glass slides as described in step 2.1.8.
    8. Image the samples on a confocal laser scanning microscope with a 60x objective using the red (acH4K16), green (alpha-tubulin), and blue (DNA) channels.
      NOTE: Keep the laser settings for the red and blue channels constant throughout the acquisition of all the samples. Scan the samples spanning the whole meiotic spindle and metaphasic plate on the z-axis, with steps every 0.35 µm. Save the digitalized images (single plans and projected 3D image).
    9. Measure the pole-to-pole spindle length and the spindle diameter at the maximum width on the projected image using the measurement function of the NIH ImageJ software (https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/docs/guide/146-30.html). Repeat each 3 times and calculate the mean.
    10. Quantify the relative fluorescence of acH4K16 using the integrated density function of the NIH ImageJ software (https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/docs/guide/146-30.html). Normalize it for the integrated density of the DAPI staining.

3. Analysis of mRNA Expression

  1. After the COCs have been retrieved from the 5 to 25 mm follicles, collect the granulosa cell suspension that remained in the Petri dish and wash it twice in cold DPBS by centrifuging at 10,600 x g for 2 min. Snap freeze in liquid nitrogen. Store the samples at -80 °C for up to 6 months; the cells will serve for the standard curve.
  2. Carefully remove all the cumulus cells, as described in step 2.1.2, from immature (GV), in vitro matured, and in vivo matured oocytes.
  3. Wash the oocytes, as described in 2.1.4, in DPBS-PVA, collect them singly in 1 µL volumes, and lay 2 µL RNALater on top. Snap-freeze in liquid nitrogen. Store the samples at -80 °C for up to 6 months.
  4. Add 2 pg of Luciferase RNA to each sample as a spike-in. Pool the oocytes 2 x 2 and extract the total RNA using a silica membrane filter-based kit suitable to recover RNA from small samples.
  5. Reverse-transcribe the RNA in 10 µL with 0.25 µg random hexamers and mouse Moloney leukaemia virus reverse transcriptase for 1 h at 37 °C. Store the samples at -20 °C for up to 6 months.
  6. Dilute the cDNA from the granulosa cells in RNAse-free water to 50 ng/µL. Serially dilute this solution 1:10 to obtain 5 ng/µL, 0.5 ng/µL, 0.05 ng/µL, and 0.005 ng/µL solutions.
  7. Assemble reactions in triplicate in a total volume of 20 µL per reaction using cDNA equivalent to 0.05 oocytes as the substrate, or 5 µL of the serial dilutions of granulosa cell cDNA, 10 µL of SYBR green supermix, and 0.3 µM of each specific primer (Table 1).
  8. Run the reaction in a thermal cycler using a 3-step protocol: 95 °C for 30 s, 60 °C for 30 s, and 72 °C for 20 s, repeated 40 times. Finally, acquire the melting curve, starting from 60 °C, and increase the temperature by 0.5 °C every 20 s up to 95 °C.
  9. Assess the starting quantity (SQ) of the specific mRNA in the oocyte samples using the standard curve15 calculated based on the granulosa cell sample. Express the data as the ratio between the SQ of the gene of interest and the SQ of the housekeeping genes.

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Results

The original findings of these experiments were described in depth previously7 and are reported herein as an example of results that can be obtained using the described protocols.

Maturation rate

Of the 32 COCs retrieved by OPU from dominant follicles, 28 (88%) were at the MII stage. Fourteen of the 58 COCs collected from follicles 5-25 mm in size ...

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Discussion

Even though IVM has been performed in horses for more than 20 years16, we do not yet know whether the oocyte can be the origin of embryonic aneuploidy, as has been proposed for humans17. The reason is probably that the preparation of oocyte spreads for chromosome counting results in considerable sample loss. With this in mind, a survey of the methods used for investigating errors in chromosome segregation was conducted to search for the most appropriate technique to apply t...

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Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Fabrice Vincent for the support with laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), and Philippe Barrière and Thierry Blard for performing daily ultrasound ovarian scanning and hCG injection. This work was supported in part by the "Regione Sardegna and Regione Lombardia" project "Ex Ovo Omnia" (Grant no. 26096200 to A. M. L.); the "L'Oreal Italia per le Donne e la Scienza 2012" fellowship (Contract 2012 to F. F.), FP7-PEOPLE-2011- CIG, Research Executive Agency (REA) "Pro-Ovum" (Grant no. 303640 to V. L.); and by the Postdoctoral School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, co-financed by the European Social Fund, Sectorial Operational Program for Human Resource Development 2007-2013 (Contract no. POSDRU/89/1.5/S/62371 to I. M.). The in vivo oocyte collection was financed by the Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation.

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Materials

List of materials used in this article
NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
ultrasound probeAlokaUST-5820-7,5
human chorionic gonadotrophincentravetCHO0041,500 unit/animal IV
detomidinecentravetMED0109 - 15 µg/kg IV
butylscopolamine bromurecentravetEST0010.2 mg/kg IV
stereomicroscopeNIKONSMZ-2B
butorphanolcentravetDOL00310µg/kg IV
benzyl-penicillincentravetDEP203 IM15,000 UI/animal
TCM199Sigma-AldrichM3769 10X1Lpowder for hepes-buffered TCM199
Hepes sodium saltSigma-AldrichH3784-100G
bovine serum albuminSigma-AldrichA8806
heparin Sigma-AldrichH3149-10KU
NaHCO3-buffered TCM199Sigma-AldrichM2154-500MLliquid for IVM medium
epidermal growth factorSigma-AldrichE4127
newborn calf serumSigma-AldrichN4762-500ML
4-well dishesNUNCLON144444
incubatorHeraeusBB6060
monastrolSigma-AldrichM8515
hyaluronidaseSigma-AldrichH3506
pronaseSigma-AldrichP5147
paraformaldehydeSigma-AldrichP6148
polyvinyl alcoholSigma-Aldrich341584
triton-X 100Sigma-AldrichT8787
normal donkey serumSigma-AldrichD9663
rabbit anti-Aurora B phospho-Thr232BioLegend636102
TRITC-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit IgGVector Laboratories711-025-152
Vecta-ShieldVector LaboratoriesH-1000
YOPRO1Thermofisher ScientificY3603
confocal laser scanning microscopeLSM 780Zeiss
confocal laser scanning microscopeLSM 700Zeiss
ImageJ softwarersb.info. nih.gov/ij/download.htmlfree resource
mouse anti-alpha-tubulinSigma-AldrichT8203
rabbit anti-acH4K16Upstate Biotechnology07-329
AlexaFluor 488-coniugated donkey anti-mouse IgGLife TechnologiesA21202
4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindoleSigma-AldrichD8417DAPI
centrifugeEppendorf5417R
RNALaterInvitrogenAM7020
Luciferase RNAPromegaL4561
PicoPure RNA Isolation KitApplied Biosystems12204-01
random hexamersThermofisher ScientificN8080127
mouse Moloney leukaemia virus reverse transcriptaseThermofisher Scientific28025013
SYBR green supermixBioRad1708880
specific primersSigma-Aldrichspecific primers were designed using Primer3Plus software (free resource)
thermal-cyclerBioRadMyiQ
mouse monoclonal anti-CENPAAbcamab13939
mouse monoclonal anti-Aurora BAbcamab3609

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Oocyte MaturationConfocal MicroscopyImmunostainingqPCR AnalysisOocyte CollectionIn Vitro Maturation
Analysis of Chromosome Segregation, Histone Acetylation, and Spindle Morphology in Horse Oocytes
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