Anatomically Inspired Three-dimensional Micro-tissue Engineered Neural Networks for Nervous System Reconstruction, Modulation, and Modeling

Summary

This manuscript details the fabrication of micro-tissue engineered neural networks: three-dimensional micron-sized constructs comprised of long aligned axonal tracts spanning aggregated neuronal population(s) encased in a tubular hydrogel. These living scaffolds can serve as functional relays to reconstruct or modulate neural circuitry or as biofidelic test-beds mimicking gray-white matter neuroanatomy.

Abstract

Functional recovery rarely occurs following injury or disease-induced degeneration within the central nervous system (CNS) due to the inhibitory environment and the limited capacity for neurogenesis. We are developing a strategy to simultaneously address neuronal and axonal pathway loss within the damaged CNS. This manuscript presents the fabrication protocol for micro-tissue engineered neural networks (micro-TENNs), implantable constructs consisting of neurons and aligned axonal tracts spanning the extracellular matrix (ECM) lumen of a preformed hydrogel cylinder hundreds of microns in diameter that may extend centimeters in length. Neuronal aggregates are delimited to the extremes of the three-dimensional encasement and are spanned by axonal projections. Micro-TENNs are uniquely poised as a strategy for CNS reconstruction, emulating aspects of brain connectome cytoarchitecture and potentially providing means for network replacement. The neuronal aggregates may synapse with host tissue to form new functional relays to restore and/or modulate missing or damaged circuitry. These constructs may also act as pro-regenerative "living scaffolds" capable of exploiting developmental mechanisms for cell migration and axonal pathfinding, providing synergistic structural and soluble cues based on the state of regeneration. Micro-TENNs are fabricated by pouring liquid hydrogel into a cylindrical mold containing a longitudinally centered needle. Once the hydrogel has gelled, the needle is removed, leaving a hollow micro-column. An ECM solution is added to the lumen to provide an environment suitable for neuronal adhesion and axonal outgrowth. Dissociated neurons are mechanically aggregated for precise seeding within one or both ends of the micro-column. This methodology reliably produces self-contained miniature constructs with long-projecting axonal tracts that may recapitulate features of brain neuroanatomy. Synaptic immunolabeling and genetically encoded calcium indicators suggest that micro-TENNs possess extensive synaptic distribution and intrinsic electrical activity. Consequently, micro-TENNs represent a promising strategy for targeted neurosurgical reconstruction of brain pathways and may also be applied as biofidelic models to study neurobiological phenomena in vitro.

Introduction

A common characteristic of disorders and diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), spinal cord injury (SCI), stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease, is the disconnection of axonal pathways and neuronal cell loss^1,2,3,4,5,6. For instance, when an ischemic stroke goes untreated, it is estimated that axons are lost at a rate of 7 miles of axons per minute⁵. In the case of TBI, which approximately ....

Protocol

All procedures involving animals were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees at the University of Pennsylvania and the Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center and adhered to the guidelines set forth in the NIH Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (2015).

1. Development of the Agarose Hydrogel (Acellular Component of micro-TENNs)

1. Agarose solution preparation
   1. Within a biosafety cabinet, prepare reservoirs for the micro-columns by transferring 20 mL of Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) to each of two 10-cm Petri dishes.....

Results

Micro-TENNs were monitored using phase-contrast microscopy to assess their cytoarchitecture and axonal outgrowth (Figure 4). Within unidirectional, 2 mm long micro-TENNs, neuronal aggregates were restricted to one end of the micro-column and projected a bundle of axons through the inner core. Axons spanned the entire length of the column by 5 days in vitro (DIV) (Figure 4A). There was a greater initial axonal growth rate in bidirectional 2 mm-lon.......

Discussion

CNS injury and disease typically result in the loss or dysfunction of the long-distance axonal pathways that comprise the brain connectome, with or without concomitant neuronal degeneration. This is compounded by the limited capacity of the CNS to promote neurogenesis and regeneration. Despite the pursuit of repair strategies such as growth factor, cell, and biomaterial delivery as individual or combinatorial approaches, these techniques fail to simultaneously account for both the degeneration of neuronal cells and the l.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Laser cutter	Universal Laser Systems	PLS4.75	Used to fabricate the laser-cut micro-channel mold.
Laser-cut micro-column fabrication device	Custom-made	--------------	Contact our research group if interested. Dimensions and blueprints provided in the manuscript.
Screws	--------------	--------------	#4-40 with a thread diameter of 3.05 mm
Nuts	--------------	--------------	#4-40 with a thread diameter of 3.05 mm
Acupuncture needle (180 µm diameter)	Lhasa Medical	sj.16X40	The diameter may be varied according to the desired size for the micro-column lumen.
Petri dish	Fisher	08772B
Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (DPBS)	Invitrogen	14200075
Polystyrene disposable serological pipet	Fisher	13-678-11D
Agarose	Sigma	A9539-50G
Capillary tube (398 µm diameter)	Fisher	21170D	The diameter may be varied according to the desired size for the micro-column shell.
Hot plate	Fisher	SP88857200
Magnetic bar	Fisher	1451352
Micropipette	Sigma	Z683884-1EA
25 mm gauge needle	Fisher	14-826-49
Microscalpel	Roboz Surgical	RS-6270
Scissors	Fine Science Tools	14081-09
Forceps	World Precision Instruments	501985
Hot bead sterilizer	Sigma	Z378550-1EA
Stereoscope	Nikon	SMZ800N	Used for all dissection steps and for micro-TENN fabrication.
Rat tail type I collagen	Corning	354236	Maintain at 4 ºC and remove only when needed.  Use ice to preserve its temperature when in use.
Microcentrifuge tube	Fisher	02-681-256
Mouse laminin	Corning	354232	Maintain at 4 ºC and remove only when needed.  Use ice to preserve its temperature when in use.
Neurobasal medium	Invitrogen	21103049	Basal medium for the culture of pre-natal and embryonic neuronal cells. Store at 4ºC and warm at 37 ºC before use.
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)	Fisher	SS2661
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)	Fisher	SA48-1
Litmus paper	Fisher	09-876-18
Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS)	Invitrogen	14170112	Store at 4 ºC.
0.25% Trypsin-EDTA	Invitrogen	25200056	Store at -20 ºC and warm at 37 ºC before use.
Bovine pancreatic deoxyribonuclease (DNase) I	Sigma	10104159001	Store at -20 ºC and warm at 37 ºC before use.
B-27 Supplement	Invitrogen	12587010	Supplement added to Neurobasal medium for the culture of hippocampal and cortical neurons. Store at -20 ºC and warm at 37 ºC before use.
L-glutamine	Invitrogen	35050061	Store at -20 ºC and warm at 37 ºC before use.
Sprague Dawley embryonic day 18 rats	Charles River	Strain 001
Pasteur pipette	Fisher	22-042816
15 mL centrifuge tube	EMESCO	1194-352099
Vortex	Fisher	02-215-414
Centrifuge	Fisher	05-413-115
Hemocytometer	Fisher	02-671-6
Objet30 3D-Printer	Stratasys	--------------	Used to fabricate the pyramidal micro-well molds.
3D-printed pyramidal well mold	Custom-made	--------------	Contact our research group if interested. Dimensions and blueprints provided in the manuscript.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and curing agent	Fisher	NC9285739	Comes as kit with elastomer and curing agent. Use inside a chemical fume hood.
Funnel	Fisher	10-348C
1 ml pipette bulb	Sigma	Z509035
Micro-spatula	Fisher	S50821
12-well culture plate	EMESCO	1194-353043
Oven	Fisher	11-475-154
Incubator	Fisher	13 998 076
AAV1.Syn.GCaMP6f.WPRE.SV40	UPenn Vector Core	36373	Store at -80ºC. Commercially available adeno-associated virus (AAV) with the GCaMP6f calcium indicator.
Formaldehyde 40%	Fisher	F77P-4	Formaldehyde is a toxic compound known to be carcinogenic, and must be disposed of in a separate container.
Triton X-100	Sigma	T8787	Non-ionic surfactant used to permeabilize cell membranes.
Horse serum	Gibco	16050-122
Mouse anti-Tuj-1/beta-III tubulin primary antibody	Sigma	T8578-200UL	Store at -20ºC.
Rabbit anti-synapsin 1 primary antibody	Synaptic Systems	106-001	Store at -20ºC.
Donkey anti-mouse 568 secondary antibody	Invitrogen	A10037	Store at 4ºC.
Donkey anti-rabbit 488 secondary antibody	Invitrogen	A21206	Store at 4ºC.
Hoechst 33342, Trihydrochloride	Invitrogen	H3570	Store at 4ºC.  Hoechst is a known mutagen that should be treated as a carcinogen.  Therefore, it must be disposed of in a separate container.
A1RSI Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope	Nikon	--------------	Used for taking the confocal reconstructions of immunolabeled constructs.
Eclipse Ti-S Microscope	Nikon	--------------	Used for taking the phase-contrast images.  With digital image acquisition using a QiClick camera interfaced with Nikon Elements Basic Research software (4.10.01).
High-speed Fluorescence Microscope	Nikon	--------------	Nikon Eclipse Ti microscope paired with an ANDOR Neo/Zyla camera for calcium imaging.
NIS Elements AR 4.50.00 Software	Nikon Instruments	--------------	Used to identify calcium transients from the recordings taken with the high-speed fluorescence microscope.