Induction and Micro-CT Imaging of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations in Mouse Model

Summary

This protocol demonstrates the induction of cerebral cavernous malformation disease in a mouse model and uses contrast enhanced micro computed tomography to measure lesion burden. This method enhances the value of established mouse models to study the molecular basis and potential therapies for cerebral cavernous malformation and other cerebrovascular diseases.

Abstract

Mutations in the CCM1 (aka KRIT1), CCM2, or CCM3 (aka PDCD10) gene cause cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) in humans. Mouse models of CCM disease have been established by tamoxifen induced deletion of Ccm genes in postnatal animals. These mouse models provide invaluable tools to investigate molecular mechanism and therapeutic approaches for CCM disease. An accurate and quantitative method to assess lesion burden and progression is essential to harness the full value of these animal models. Here, we demonstrate the induction of CCM disease in a mouse model and the use of the contrast enhanced X-ray micro computed tomography (micro-CT) method to measure CCM lesion burden in mouse brains. At postnatal day 1 (P1), we used 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4HT) to activate Cre recombinase activity from the Cdh5-CreErt2 transgene to cleave the floxed allele of Ccm2. CCM lesions in mouse brains were analyzed at P8. For micro-CT, iodine based Lugol's solution was used to enhance contrast in brain tissue. We have optimized the scan parameters and utilized a voxel dimension of 9.5 µm, which lead to a minimum feature size of approximately 25 µm. This resolution is sufficient to measure CCM lesion volume and number globally and accurately, and provide high-quality 3-D mapping of CCM lesions in mouse brains. This method enhances the value of the established mouse models to study the molecular basis and potential therapies for CCM and other cerebrovascular diseases.

Introduction

CCM are thin walled, dilated vascular malformations in the brain with prevalence of up to 0.5% in the human population¹. CCM can be inherited as a dominant disorder due to loss-of-function mutations in one of three genes: CCM1 (aka Krit1), CCM2, and CCM3 (also called PDCD10)^2,3,4,5,6. These genes are present in a single signaling complex.

Various models have been developed to model human CCM disease and to ....

Protocol

All animal ethics and protocols were approved by The Sydney Local Health District Animal Welfare Committee and Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Tianjin Medical University. All experiments were conducted under the guidelines/regulations of Centenary Institute, University of Sydney and Tianjin Medical University

1. Induction of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations in Mouse Models

1. Cross Cdh5-CreErt2; Ccm2^fl/fl mice with Ccm2^fl/fl to generate litters with Cdh5-CreErt2; Ccm2^fl/fl (Ccm2^iECKO) pups and littermate controls (Cc....

Results

A single injection of 4HT at P1 was sufficient to induce CCM lesions in the cerebellum. Lugol's iodine contrasted micro-CT sufficiently detected CCM lesions and could quantify its volume and number. Utilizing the optimized micro-CT, we imaged CCM lesions in the hindbrains of Ccm2^iECKO mice. Scanned X-ray images were reconstructed to produce 3-D images of the mouse brain, which allowed visualization of entire lesions in the brain parenchyma at different depths and orien.......

Discussion

CCM is a common vascular malformation that affects up to 0.5% of individuals¹. CCM can occur in sporadic or familial form. Patient prognosis is often unclear as CCM lesions can rupture unexpectedly to cause stroke and other neurological consequences. Currently, the only treatment option is to surgically remove lesions, which are accompanied by high risk.

Human CCM conditions have recently been reproduced in animal models^7,

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
4-hydroxy tamoxifen	Sigma-Aldrich	H6278	To activate Cdh5-CreErt2
Corn oil	Sigma-Aldrich	C8267-500ML	To dilute 4-hydroxy tamoxifen
Stereomicroscope	Leica	M205FA	To take macroscopic images
Lugol's Iodine solution	Sigma-Aldrich	L6146	To stain samples for contrast micro-CT
Plastic paraffin film	Parafilm	PM992	To package samples
Micro-CT	Xradia	MicroXCT-400	Micro-CT
3D rendering software	FEI Visualization Science group	Avizo 3D image processing software	To analyse micro-CT scans