Neuron-Macrophage Co-cultures to Activate Macrophages Secreting Molecular Factors with Neurite Outgrowth Activity

Summary

The current protocol presents experimental procedures to stimulate cultured macrophages to be endowed with capacity to release molecular factors that promote neurite outgrowth. Treatment of cAMP to the neuron-macrophage co-cultures induces the macrophages to produce conditioned medium that possesses strong neurite outgrowth activity.

Abstract

There is strong evidence that macrophages can participate in the regeneration or repair of injured nervous system. Here, we describe a protocol in which macrophages are induced to produce conditioned medium (CM) that promotes neurite outgrowth. Adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons are acutely dissociated and plated. After the neurons are stably attached, peritoneal macrophages are co-cultured on a cell culture insert overlaid on the same well. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP (db-cAMP) is applied to the co-cultures for 24 h, after which the cell culture insert containing the macrophages is moved to another well to collect CM for 72 h. The CM from the co-cultures treated with db-cAMP, when applied to a separate adult DRG neuron culture, exhibits robust neurite outgrowth activity. The CM obtained from the db-cAMP-treated cultures consisting of single cell type alone, either DRG neuron or peritoneal macrophage, did not exhibit neurite outgrowth activity. This indicates that the interaction between neurons and macrophages is indispensable for the activation of macrophages secreting molecular factors with neurite outgrowth activity into CM. Thus, our co-culture paradigm will also be useful to study intercellular signaling in the neuron-macrophage interaction to stimulate the macrophages to be endowed with a pro-regenerative phenotype.

Introduction

A variety of studies have sought to enhance CNS axon regeneration after the injuries of the spinal cord or brain. Inflammatory reactions, inevitably accompanying the injuries in the nervous system, are traditionally thought to participate in secondary pathological processes leading to the deleterious outcomes^1,2. Indeed, methylprednisolone that can suppress inflammatory reactions is the only approved therapy for acute spinal cord injury³. However, more recent studies have provided evidence that macrophages, a representative inflammatory cell type, can participate in the regeneration or repair of injured nervous system^4,5,6. For example, infiltrating macrophages following a lens injury produce pro-regenerative molecules to promote the regeneration of the retinal ganglion neurons^7,8. In addition, transplanted DRG neurons increased axon growth up the region where macrophages were activated by zymosan⁹. Moreover, the macrophages at the lesion site can create a growth-permissive milieu for injured peripheral nerves¹⁰.

Our work also provided strong evidence that macrophages can contribute to the capacity of axon regeneration in adjacent neurons. We have shown that the activation of macrophages in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were essential in the enhanced regenerative capacity of DRG sensory neurons following a preconditioning peripheral nerve injury¹¹. Similar research was independently reported from another laboratory¹². We also showed that intraganglionic injection of dibutyryl cyclic AMP (db-cAMP), which is a well-known molecule to enhance the capacity of axon regeneration¹³, induced the activation of macrophages. The deactivation of macrophages abolished the effects of db-cAMP on neurite outgrowth activity. Subsequent works identified injury-induced expression of CCL2 in neurons as a signal to stimulate macrophages with a pro-regenerative phenotype^14,15.

Based on the above experimental results, we have established an in vitro model resembling molecular events that occur in the DRGs following a preconditioning injury model^11,14. In this model, db-cAMP is applied to the neuron-macrophage co-cultures eliciting intercellular signaling that leads to the activation of macrophages with a pro-regenerative phenotype. Here, we describe detailed protocols by which we can generate macrophages that secrete molecular factors promoting neurite outgrowth (Figure 1). This experimental model illustrates a concept that macrophages can be stimulated or induced to support axon regeneration following the injuries to nervous system. Our model will also be useful in studying mechanisms in intercellular signaling that leads to the activation of pro-regenerative macrophages.

Protocol

All experiments involving animals were approved by the institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Ajou University School of Medicine.

1. Culture Preparation of Dissociated Adult DRG Neuron

1. Before setting up the culture, pre-coat a 6-well plate with poly-D-lysine and laminin. Incubate a 6-well plate with 0.01% poly-D-lysine at 37°C for 2 h or at 4°C overnight. Then, wash the plate twice with distilled water.
2. Incubate the plate with laminin solution at a concentration of 3 µg/mL for 2 h at room temperature, and then wash the plate twice with distilled water. Dry the plate at room temperature at least for 1 h.
3. Euthanize a mouse in a transparent CO₂ chamber connected to a compressed CO₂ gas cylinder. Incise the skin overlying the vertebral column with a surgical blade and dissect the paravertebral muscles bilaterally to expose the vertebral bones. Remove the vertebral bones meticulously using a narrow-tipped surgical rongeur until the DRGs are fully exposed.
   NOTE: Adult DRGs neurons are obtained from adult C57BL6 male mice aged between 8 weeks to 12 weeks old.
4. Remove the DRGs bilaterally from the S1 all the way up to the C1 level using iridectomy scissors and fine-tipped forceps under a dissecting microscope. Try to cut out the roots entirely from DRGs in order to minimize the contamination of Schwann cells or fibroblasts.
5. Store the dissected DRGs in a 60 mm Petri dish containing 5 mL of cold Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) on ice until all the DRGs are collected.
   NOTE: It is critical to dissect the DRGs as quickly as possible. The collection of all DRGs from one mouse should not take longer than 30 min. 30 min after the euthanasia, stop collecting the DRGs and proceed to the next step even if there are still remaining DRGs.
6. Transfer the DRGs to a 1.5 mL Eppendorf tube using a blue pipette tip (1000 µL) with a cut-off end. Remove the DMEM after a quick spin for several seconds using a mini centrifuge. Add 1 mL of DMEM containing 125 U/mL type XI collagenase and incubate the tube for 90 min with a gentle rotation (35-40 rpm) using a twister shaker in a 37 °C incubator. Immobilize the tube on the shaker floor using the tape.
7. Discard collagenase-containing DMEM and add 1 mL of fresh DMEM. Wait until the floating DRGs completely sink down to the bottom, and then remove the DMEM with the tissue debris. Repeat this washing step at least six times.
   NOTE: Do not try to discard the supernatant completely. Be careful not to remove any DRGs with the supernatant DMEM.
8. Transfer the DRGs to a 15 mL conical tube using a blue pipette tip (1000 µL) with a cut-off end. Then pipette up and down gently at least 15 times using a blue tip (1000 µL) to make a homogeneous cell suspension. Avoid making bubbles and try not to touch the bottom of conical tube with a pipette tip.
9. Centrifuge the tube at 239 x g for 3 min and carefully discard the supernatant with floating debris. Add 1 mL of Neurobasal medium supplemented with B27 (2.0% v/v) and resuspend the cell pellet by gently pipetting up and down 5 to 10 times.
10. Pass the cell suspension through a 70-µm cell strainer overlaid on top of a 50 mL conical tube. Wait for 2 min, and then pour Neurobasal/B-27 medium onto the strainer using a pipette controller.
11. Plate all collected DRG neurons (a total of approximate 2 x 10⁶ DRG neurons from one mouse) onto two wells of 6-well plate. DRG neurons from one adult mouse cover two wells in a 6-well plate. Then place the plate in a CO₂ incubator at 37°C until the macrophage co-cultures.

2. Co-culture of P rimary Peritoneal Macrophages on A Cell Culture Insert

NOTE: Establish the co-cultures 4 h after the initial plating of the dissociated DRG neurons

1. Primary peritoneal macrophages are prepared from adult C57BL6 male mice aged between 8 weeks to 12 weeks old. Euthanize an animal in a CO₂ chamber. Incise the abdominal skin delicately, expose the peritoneum and avoid cutting the peritoneum to prevent a leakage of lavage fluid.
2. Puncture the peritoneum using a syringe with a 22G needle and inject 10 mL of ice-cold phosphate-buffered salin (PBS) into the peritoneal cavity. Gently massage the peritoneum for 1-2 min. Then, pull out the needle and squeeze out the PBS through the needle puncture site and collect the lavage fluid in a 50 mL conical tube.
   NOTE: Before use, put the syringe on ice to maintain the coldness of the PBS.
3. Centrifuge the lavage fluid at 239 x g for 10 min at 4 °C to pellet the cellular components. Resuspend the pellet with 3 mL of the red blood cell (RBC) lysis buffer for 3 min at room temperature. Then centrifuge the cell suspension again at 239 x g for 10 min at 4 °C. Resuspend the pellet with 3 mL of PBS and centrifuge the cell suspension again to remove any remaining RBC lysis buffer.
   NOTE: Make sure the RBC lysis buffer is completely removed. Otherwise remaining RBC lysis buffer may be toxic to the cultured macrophages.
4. Resuspend the pelleted cells in 1 mL of Neurobasal/B-27 medium. Plate half of all collected macrophages (a total of 3 × 10⁶ to 6 x 10⁶ cells) on a cell culture insert with the effective area of 4.2 cm², which is placed on top of the well of dissociated DRG.
   NOTE: During the co-culture period, macrophages are grown in Neurobasal/B-27 neuron culture medium. Adequate survival of macrophages under this condition was confirmed.

3. Treatment of Db-Camp and Collection of Macrophage CM

NOTE: Start db-cAMP treatment 4 h after the neuron-macrophage co-cultures.

1. Add 2 µL of 100 µM db-cAMP solution to the neuron-macrophage co-cultures. Add the same volume of PBS for a control experiment.
2. After 24 h, fill an empty well with 1 mL of macrophage culture medium in the same 6-well plate. Transfer the cell culture insert in the neuron-macrophage co-cultures to the empty well with macrophage culture medium. Keep the cells under the same condition for 72 h without changing the medium.
   NOTE: We add only 1 mL of macrophage culture medium during CM collection to make concentrated CM. During the CM collection, if needed, we added more to completely cover the macrophages within the insert.
3. After 72 h, centrifuge the macrophage CM at 239 x g for 5 min to remove the cellular components. Pass the supernatant through a 0.2-µm filter to remove any remaining cellular debris. Store the collected CM at -70 °C until use.

4. Neurite Outgrowth Assay with Collected CM

1. Before setting up a separate adult DRG neuron culture, pre-coat an 8-well chamber slide following the same procedure described in 1.1 and 1.2.
2. Obtain dissociated adult DRG neurons in Neurobasal medium supplemented with B27 using the same methods described from 1.3 to 1.10. Plate 5 x 10⁴ cells per well onto the pre-coated 8-well chamber slide.
3. Place the chamber slide in a 37 °C incubator for 2 h, allowing the cells to attach to the bottom. Then, replace the culture medium with the thawed CM that is preheated at 37 °C.
   NOTE: Be careful not to touch the bottom of the 8-well chamber slide when removing the culture medium and adding the collected CM.
4. 15 h after the initial plating, remove the medium and wash the cells with PBS once. Then, add 200 µL of ice-cold 4% paraformaldehyde solution to the wells, and incubate the cells with the paraformaldehyde solution for 20 min at 4 °C
   NOTE: The DRG neuron culture for neurite outgrowth assay should be precisely restricted to 15 h. Under this condition, there is no appreciable neurite outgrowth.
5. Wash three times with ice-cold PBS and then perform blocking with 10% normal goat serum (NGS) with 0.1% Triton-X for 30 min. Incubate the fixed cells with primary antibody (anti-Tuj-1) solution diluted with 10% NGS (at a concentration of 1 µg/mL) for 4 h at room temperature or overnight at 4 °C.
6. Wash three times with PBS, and then incubate the cells with secondary antibody (goat-anti mouse) solution for 2 h at room temperature. Then, wash twice with PBS and mount the culture slide with a coverslip (24 × 50 mm) using mounting solution.
7. Take images using a fluorescence microscope to visualize neurite outgrowth.

Results

We describe a protocol that can generate macrophages capable of secreting molecular factors with neurite outgrowth activity. The macrophage CM obtained from the co-cultures treated with db-cAMP resulted in robust neurite outgrowth when applied to a separate DRG neuron culture (Figure 2A). In comparison, CM obtained from the PBS-treated co-cultures did not induce neurite outgrowth in our 15-h culture duration (Figure 2B). When db-...

Discussion

There are several critical steps for the generation of this co-culture system. It is important to ensure that the mouse DRG neurons and peritoneal macrophages are prepared fresh and healthy. We have experienced diminished neurite outgrowth activity of the CM when the dissection of all the DRGs took more than 30 min. In addition, the contamination of blood components in peritoneal macrophages also led to a decrease of neurite outgrowth activity in the CM. In order to elicit robust neuron-macrophage interaction by db-cAMP,...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Cell culture insert transparent PET membrane 0.4μm pore size	Corning,Falcon	353090	Transparent PET membrane with 0.4-μm pore size, for 6-well plate
70-μm nylon cell strainer	Corning, Falcon	352350
8-well culture slide	Biocoat	354632	with a uniform application of Poly-D-Lysine
Red blood cell lysis buffer	Qiagen	158904
Collagenase from Clostridium histolyticum	Sigma-Aldrich	C9407-100MG
Neurobasal medium	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco	21103-049	Containing 1% glutamax and 1% penicilin-streptomycin
B-27 supplement, serum free	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco	17504-044	extracellular solution
Glutamax	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco	35050-061
Penicillin-streptomycin	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco	15140-122
Poly-D-lysine Hydrobromide	Sigma-Aldrich	P6407-5MG
Laminin	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Invitrogen	23017-015
Adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate, N6,O2'-dibutyryl-, sodium salt	Merck Millipore Corporation, Calbiochem	28745
10% Normal Goat Serum	Thermo Fisher Scientific	16210072
Triton-X-100	Daejung Chemical and Metal Co	8566-4405
Anti β III tubulin (Tuj-1)	Promega Corporation	G7121	Mouse monoclonal antibody
Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) secondary antibody	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Invitrogen	A11005
Hemacytometer	Marienfeld-Superior	N/A
Cell culture CO2 incubator	Panasonic	N/A
Dissecting stereomicroscope	Carl Zeiss	Stemi DV4
Twist shaker	FINEPCR	Tw3t
Tabletop centrifuge	Sorvall	N/A
Confocal microscope	Olympus America Inc	IX71
FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum)	VWR International, Hyclone	SH30919.03
Friedman Pearson Rongeurs	FST (Fine Science Tools)	16021-14	Stainless steel, 14cm, curved, single joint action
Fine Scissors - Tungsten Carbide & ToughCut	FST (Fine Science Tools)	14558-11	sharp, serrated
Dumont #7 Forceps	FST (Fine Science Tools)	11272-30	Dumoxel, 0.07 x 0.04mm, curved
Vannas Spring Scissors	FST (Fine Science Tools)	15000-00	straight, 3mm cutting-edge, sharp
Qualitron DW-41 Micro-Centrifuge	Artisan Technology Group	DW-41	Input Voltage: 115VAC