This manuscript describes the novel setup and operating procedure of a photoacoustic microscopy and optical coherence tomography dual-modality system for noninvasive, label-free chorioretinal imaging of larger animals, such as rabbits.
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Method Article
Novel Photoacoustic Microscopy and Optical Coherence Tomography Dual-modality Chorioretinal Imaging in Living Rabbit Eyes
In This Article
Summary
Abstract
Photoacoustic ocular imaging is an emerging ophthalmic imaging technology that can noninvasively visualize ocular tissue by converting light energy into sound waves and is currently under intensive investigation. However, most reported work to date is focused on the imaging of the posterior segment of the eyes of small animals, such as rats and mice, which poses challenges for clinical human translation due to small eyeball sizes. This manuscript describes a novel photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) dual-modality system for posterior segment imaging of the eyes of larger animals, such as rabbits. The system configuration, system alignment, animal preparation, and dual-modality experimental protocols for in vivo, noninvasive, label-free chorioretinal imaging in rabbits are detailed. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated through representative experimental results, including retinal and choroidal vasculature obtained by the PAM and OCT. This manuscript provides a practical guide to reproducing the imaging results in rabbits and advancing photoacoustic ocular imaging in larger animals.
Introduction
Recent decades have witnessed the explosive development of the field of biomedical photoacoustic imaging1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8. Based on the energy conversion of light into sound, the emerging photoacoustic imaging can visualize biological samples at scales from organelles, cells, tissues, organs to small-animal whole body and can reveal its anatomical, functional, molecular, genetic, and metabolic information<....
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Protocol
Rabbits are a United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) covered species. Its use in biomedical research needs to follow strict regulations. All rabbit experiments were performed in accordance with the ARVO (The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology) Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research, after approval of the laboratory animal protocol by the University Committee on Use and Care of Animals (UCUCA) of the University of Michigan (Protocol PRO00006486, PI Yannis Paulus).
1. System configuration
- Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM)
- Use an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) lase....
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Results
The dual-modality imaging system and experimental protocol have been successfully tested in the authors' laboratory using four New Zealand White rabbits. The following showcases some representative results.
Figure 1 shows the schematic of the PAM and SD-OCT dual-modality imaging system. It is composed of the following modules: photoacoustic light source, variable laser attenuator, beam collimator, e.......
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Discussion
An intact and regular tear film is essential for high-quality fundus images. An irregular and deteriorated tear films can significantly degrade image quality42. To preserve the integrity of the tear film and prevent corneal superficial punctate keratopathy, it is critical to lubricate the cornea using eyewash very frequently, approximately every two min. If there are any concerns regarding the opacity of the eye, use a slit lamp and fluorescein strips to check the cornea conditions.
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Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the generous support of the National Eye Institute 4K12EY022299 (YMP), Fight for Sight-International Retinal Research Foundation FFS GIA16002 (YMP), unrestricted departmental support from Research to Prevent Blindness, and the University of Michigan Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences. This work utilized the Core Center for Vision Research funded by P30 EY007003 from the National Eye Institute.
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Materials
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dual-modality imaging system | |||
| OPO laser | Ekspla (Vilnius, Lithuania) | NT-242 | |
| Beam attenuator | Thorlabs, Inc. (Newton, NJ, USA) | AHWP10M-600 | |
| Motorized rotation stage | Thorlabs, Inc. (Newton, NJ, USA) | PRM1/MZ8 | |
| Motorized rotation stage controller | Thorlabs, Inc. (Newton, NJ, USA) | TDC001 | |
| Focusing lens | Thorlabs, Inc. (Newton, NJ, USA) | AC254-250-B | |
| Pinhole | Thorlabs, Inc. (Newton, NJ, USA) | P50S | |
| Collimating lens | Thorlabs, Inc. (Newton, NJ, USA) | AC127-030-B | |
| Photodiode | Thorlabs, Inc. (Newton, NJ, USA) | PDA36A | |
| Laser shutter | Vincent Associates Inc. (Toronto, Canada) | LS6S2T0 | |
| Laser shutter driver | Vincent Associates Inc. (Toronto, Canada) | VCM-D1 | |
| Dichroic mirror | Semrock, Inc. (Rochester, NY, USA) | Di03-R785-t3-25×36 | |
| Scan lens | Thorlabs, Inc. (Newton, NJ, USA) | OCT-LK3-BB | |
| Ophthalmic lens | Thorlabs, Inc. (Newton, NJ, USA) | AC080-010-B-ML | |
| Ultrasonic transducer | Optosonic Inc. (Arcadia, CA, USA) | Custom | |
| Amplifier | L3 Narda-MITEQ (Hauppauge, NY, USA) | AU-1647 | |
| Band-pass filter | Mini-Circuits (Brooklyn, NY, USA) | BLP-30+ | |
| Digitizer | DynamicSignals LLC (Lockport, IL, USA) | PX1500-4 | |
| Synchronization electronics | National Instruments Corporation (Austin, TX, USA) | USB-6353 | |
| OCT module | Thorlabs, Inc. (Newton, NJ, USA) | Ganymede-II-HR | |
| Dispersion compensation glass | Thorlabs, Inc. (Newton, NJ, USA) | LSM03DC | |
| Illumination LED light | Thorlabs, Inc. (Newton, NJ, USA) | MCWHF2 | |
| Power meter | Thorlabs, Inc. (Newton, NJ, USA) | S121C | |
| Power meter interface | Thorlabs, Inc. (Newton, NJ, USA) | PM100USB | |
| Height measurement tool | Thorlabs, Inc. (Newton, NJ, USA) | BHM1 | |
| Fundus camera | Topcon Corporation (Tokyo, Japan) | TRC 50EX | |
| Matlab | MathWorks (Natick, MA, USA) | 2017a | |
| Oscilloscope | Teledyne LeCroy (Chestnut Ridge, NY, USA) | WaveJet 354T | |
| Animal experiment | |||
| Water-circulating blanket | Stryker Corporation (Kalamazoo, MI, USA) | TP-700 | |
| Ketamine hydrochloride injection | Par pharmaceutical, Inc. (Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA) | NDC code 42023-115-10 | |
| Xylazine hydrochloride | VetOne (Boise, ID, USA) | NDC code 13985-704-10 | |
| Tropicamide ophthalmic | Akorn Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Lake Forest, IL, USA) | NDC code 17478-102-12 | |
| Phenylephrine hydrochloride ophthalmic | Paragon BioTeck, Inc. (Portland, OR, USA) | NDC code 42702-102-15 | |
| Eye lubricant | Hub Pharmaceuticals LLC (Rancho Cucamonga, CA, USA) | NDC code 17238-610-15 | |
| Eyewash | Altaire Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Aquebogue, NY, USA) | NDC code 59390-175-18 | |
| Tetracaine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution | Bausch & Lomb, Inc. (Rochester, NY, USA) | NDC code 24208-920-64 | |
| Flurbiprofen sodium ophthalmic solution | Bausch & Lomb, Inc. (Rochester, NY, USA) | NDC code 24208-314-25 | |
| Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Dexamethasone Ophthalmic Ointment | Bausch & Lomb, Inc. (Rochester, NY, USA) | NDC code 24208-795-35 | |
| Meloxicam injection | Henry Schein Inc. (Queens, NY, USA) | NDC code 11695-6925-1 |
References
- Wang, L. V., Hu, S. Photoacoustic tomography: in vivo imaging from organelles to organs. Science. 335 (6075), 1458-1462 (2012).
- Beard, P. Biomedical photoacoustic imaging. Interface Focus. , rsfs20110028 (2011).
- Taruttis, A., Ntziachristos, V.
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