Paraffin Embedding and Thin Sectioning of Microbial Colony Biofilms for Microscopic Analysis

Summary

We describe fixation, paraffin embedding, and thin sectioning techniques for microbial colony biofilms. In prepared samples, biofilm substructure and reporter expression patterns can be visualized by microscopy.

Abstract

Sectioning via paraffin embedding is a broadly established technique in eukaryotic systems. Here we provide a method for the fixation, embedding, and sectioning of intact microbial colony biofilms using perfused paraffin wax. To adapt this method for use on colony biofilms, we developed techniques for maintaining each sample on its growth substrate and laminating it with an agar overlayer, and added lysine to the fixative solution. These optimizations improve sample retention and preservation of micromorphological features. Samples prepared in this manner are amenable to thin sectioning and imaging by light, fluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy. We have applied this technique to colony biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas synxantha, Bacillus subtilis, and Vibrio cholerae. The high level of detail visible in samples generated by this method, combined with reporter strain engineering or the use of specific dyes, can provide exciting insights into the physiology and development of microbial communities.

Introduction

Most microbes have the capacity to form biofilms, communities of cells held together by self-produced matrices. Biofilms can be grown in many types of physical setups, with various regimes of nutrient and substrate provision. Specific assays for biofilm formation tend to yield reproducible multicellular structures, and common architectures are observed for phylogenetically diverse species at the community or macroscopic level. When microbes are grown as colonies on solid medium under an atmosphere, macroscopic morphology conveys information about the capacity for matrix production and often correlates with other traits ^1,2,3. The internal architecture of microbial colonies can also provide clues regarding biofilm-specific chemistry and physiology, but has been difficult to characterize. Recent applications of cryoembedding and cryosectioning techniques to bacterial colonies have enabled imaging and visualization of specific features at unprecedented resolution ^4,5,6. However, studies with animal tissue have shown that paraffin embedding provides superior preservation of morphology when compared to cryoembedding ⁷ and has been used to visualize bacteria in tissues ^8,9. We have therefore developed a protocol for fixation, paraffin embedding, and thin sectioning of microbial colony biofilms. Here, we will describe the preparation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 colony-biofilm thin sections ^10,11, but we have also successfully applied this technique to biofilms formed by the bacteria Pseudomonas synxantha, Bacillus subtilis, and Vibrio cholerae¹².

The process of paraffin-embedding and thin-sectioning biofilms follows a simple logic. First, the biofilms are encased in a layer of agar to preserve morphology during processing. Second, the encased-biofilms are submerged in a fixative to crosslink macromolecules and preserve micromorphology. These are then dehydrated with alcohol, cleared with a more non-polar solvent, and then infiltrated with liquid paraffin wax. Once infiltrated, the samples are embedded into wax blocks for sectioning. Sections are cut, mounted on slides, and then rehydrated in order to return them to a more native state. From this point, they can be stained or covered in mounting medium for microscopic analysis.

This protocol produces thin sections of microbial biofilms suitable for histological analysis. Colony biofilm substructures are visible when thin sections prepared using this method are imaged by light microscopy. Biofilms can also be grown on media containing fluorescent stains specific for individual features or stained at the rehydration step, immediately prior to mounting (steps 9.5-9.6). Finally, microbes can be engineered to produce fluorescent proteins in a constitutive or regulated fashion allowing in situ reporting of cell distribution or gene expression within these communities. We have used these methods to determine colony biofilm depth, cell distribution, matrix distribution, growth patterns, and spatiotemporal gene expression.

Protocol

1. Growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Colony Biofilms

1. Preparation of Medium-Bilayer Plates
   1. Prepare a 10 g/L tryptone, 10 g/L agar (see Table of Materials) solution in deionized water.
   2. Autoclave for 20 min. Cool to 50-60 °C in a water bath.
   3. Pour 45 mL of the agar-tryptone solution into a 100 mm x 100 mm square dish (see Table of Materials) using a 50-mL conical tube. Allow the agar to solidify (~20-30 min). Pour a second, 15-mL layer on top of first layer. Let solidify overnight, removing condensation from lids if necessary by wiping with a lint-free tissue.
2. Spotting Colony Biofilms
   1. Streak the strains of interest from freezer stocks onto LB agar plates¹³ and incubate in the dark for 12-16 h at 37 °C and 80-100% relative humidity.
   2. For each strain or replicate, use a single colony to inoculate 2 mL of LB and incubate in the dark for 12-16 h at 37 °C with shaking at 250 rpm.
   3. Sub-culture by diluting 1:100 into fresh LB and incubating in the dark for 2.5-3 h at 37 °C with shaking at 250 rpm.
   4. Measure optical density using a spectrophotometer and adjust with sterile LB to achieve a cell suspension with an OD_{500 nm} of ~0.5.
   5. Depending on the desired colony size, pipet 2.5-10 µL of cell suspension onto a medium-bilayer plate (prepared in step 1.1) and allow the spot to dry for ~20 min. Leaving the petri lid ajar near an open flame can facilitate drying.
   6. Incubate spot colonies at 25 °C and 80-100% relative humidity, in the dark for up to 4 days.

2. Preparation of the Fixative Solution

1. Prepare the fixative solution on the day of sample harvesting. Dilute 37% formaldehyde (FA) in 1x PBS to a final concentration of 4% FA.
   CAUTION: FA is volatile and toxic. Wear protective equipment and work in a well-ventilated fume-hood.
2. Immediately before use, dissolve L-lysine hydrochloride in 4% FA (prepared in step 2.1) at room temperature to a final concentration of 50 mM L-lysine HCl.

3. Direct Application of Fixative to the Colony Biofilm [Optional]

NOTE: We have found that biofilm morphology is best preserved when the agar overlay is added before fixation. However, this step also constitutes a change in environmental conditions that could affect gene expression. Fluorescent reporter expression patterns should therefore be verified using a separate protocol in which the fixation step is carried out before the addition of the agar overlay, as described here.

1. On the day of fixation, and working in a well-ventilated fume-hood, pipette the fixative prepared in step 2 directly to the agar surface around the colony's edge, allowing it to reach the colony's periphery without submerging it. Apply only as much fixative as is needed to fully surround the colony, approximately 500 µL. Allow the fixative to diffuse into the colony and the surrounding agar.
2. Once the fixative has been fully absorbed into the colony and surrounding media, about 20-30 min, and residual FA is no longer visible on the plate, repeat step 3.1. Allow this fixative to diffuse into the colony and the surrounding agar.
3. Once the fixative has been fully absorbed into the colony and surrounding media repeat step 3.1, this time applying fixative to the surface of the colony directly. Allow this fixative to diffuse into the colony and the surrounding agar, proceeding to step 4 only after all fixative has been absorbed and is no longer visible on the plate.

4. Overlaying Colonies with Agar

1. On the day of fixation, prepare a 10 g/L agar solution in deionized water and autoclave for 10-20 minutes to dissolve. Cool in a water bath to 50 ˚C.
2. Gently pour 15 mL of the agar solution over the growth medium and colony. Allow the agar to form a gel at room temperature for 5 min (Figure 1B).
3. Use a sharp razor blade to cut a square, 3-layer chuck with the colony laminated between the top two layers. If preparing multiple samples, ensure that each chuck is cut to a comparable size.
4. Gently remove excess agar from the colony-containing chuck.
5. To lift the two upper layers of agar (containing the colony) away from the bottom layer of the chuck (Figure 1C), wet the flat head of a spatula in 1x PBS or water and gently insert between the top and bottom layers. The laminated colony should separate from the bottom layer. Be careful not to distort or bend the laminated colony when lifting it from its base.

5. Fixation

1. Working in a well-ventilated fume-hood, immediately transfer the laminated colony (i.e., 2-layer chuck) into an embedding cassette (see Table of Materials), labeled with a chemical-resistant marking pen. Place the embedding cassette into a glass slide mailer (see table of materials) containing the fixative prepared in steps 2.1-2.2. Make sure there are no air bubbles trapped inside the embedding cassette.
2. Incubate the sample in fixative overnight in the dark at room temperature.

6. Sample Processing: Buffer Wash, Dehydration, Clearing, and Infiltration

1. After overnight fixation, wash the sample twice in 1x PBS for 1 h each. For best results, automate reagent homogenization using the spin function of an automatic tissue processor (see table of materials) set to a low setting. If no processor is available, processing can be run manually.
2. Follow the buffer wash by dehydration through a graded series of ethanol (EtOH) dilutions in 1x PBS (25%, 50%, 70%, 95%) for 1 h each at room temperature.
3. Dehydrate in three washes of 100% EtOH for 1 h each at room temperature.
4. Clear the dehydrated sample in three washes of 100% orange oil-based clearing agent (see table of materials) for 1 h each at room temperature.
5. Infiltrate the cleared sample twice with molten paraffin wax (see Table of Materials), heated to 55˚C, for 2 h each.

7. Sample Embedding

1. Fill a wax mold with molten paraffin wax heated to 55 ˚C. Use a heated, flat spatula to quickly transfer the infiltrated chuck from the embedding cassette into the wax mold, ensuring that the chuck rests parallel to the base of the mold. Avoid applying excessive pressure onto the chuck. Wax molds may be custom 3-D printed, or are commercially available (see Table of Materials).
2. Allow wax to solidify overnight at 4 ˚C. Samples molded in solid wax may be stored indefinitely at 4 ˚C.
3. Once the wax has solidified, excise the sample from the mold and trim excess wax from around the sample with a razor blade. Leave excess wax extending from one end of the sample, parallel to the plane of sectioning, that can be used to clamp it into the microtome (see Table of Materials). Also leave a sheath of wax, approximately 1-mm thick, around the sample and smooth its faces.

8. Sectioning

1. Heat a water bath to 42 ˚C. Clamp the sample into the microtome with the surface of the colony oriented perpendicularly to the edge of the blade (see Table of Materials).
2. Trim the sample in 50-µm intervals until the desired plane of the colony has been reached, from which sections will be collected.
3. Cut a ribbon of the desired number of 10-µm thick sections using a microtome set to a sectioning velocity of 75-80 rpm and a clearance angle of 6-10˚. Use a fine-tipped paintbrush to detach the ribbon from the blade.
4. Using a drop of water at the tip of a Pasteur pipette (preferred) or forceps, gently transfer the ribbon to the water bath. Be careful to avoid trapping air bubbles under the section.
5. Immediately insert a slide into the water bath and position it below the ribbon at a 45˚ angle.
6. Touch the narrow edge of the ribbon to the slide, just below the frosted label. The ribbon should adhere.
7. Pull the slide out of the water bath, adjusting the angle to become perpendicular to the surface of the water, and allowing the ribbon to lay flat against the slide along its length. Avoid trapping excess water beneath the ribbon.
8. Gently stand the slide onto an absorbent lint-free tissue, wicking excess water from the section.
9. Lay the slide on a paper towel, and allow it to dry at room temperature overnight in the dark. Slides can be stored indefinitely at 4 ˚C in the dark.

9. Heat-fixing, Rehydration, and Mounting

1. Heat a leveled hot plate to 45 ˚C. Heat the slide for 30-60 min. The wax will become semi-molten and flatten against the slide.
2. Gently lift the slide from the hot plate and lay it flat onto a smooth, leveled, room temperature surface, using care to ensure that the molten wax does not pull to either side of the slide, until the wax solidifies (~1 min).
3. Using a glass slide mailer, de-wax slides in four washes of clearing agent for 5 min each, using an Büchner aspirator to remove solution between washes.
4. Wash the slides three times in 100% EtOH for 1 min each.
5. Rehydrate the slides in a graded series of ethanol in the reverse order of processing (95%, 70%, 50%, and 25%) for 1 min each followed by two 1-min washes in 1x PBS.
6. Immediately mount the sections in a Tris-buffered mounting medium (see Table of Materials) and apply a coverslip, avoiding the introduction of air bubbles. Allow mounting medium to polymerize overnight at room temperature.
7. Once polymerized, seal the coverslip to the slide using clear nail polish. Sealed slides may be stored indefinitely in the dark at 4 ˚C.

Results

This method generates biofilm thin-sections wherein distinct morphological features and zones of gene expression can be imaged by DIC, fluorescence microscopy, and TEM. While DIC imaging using a 40X oil immersion objective can be sufficient to show some morphological features (Figure 2E), we have found that fluorescence microscopy of strains engineered to constitutively express fluorescent protein provides enhanced visualization of cell distribution within th...

Discussion

Paraffin-embedding and thin-sectioning tissue samples is a classic histological technique that enables imaging of micro-morphological structures and is commonly used on eukaryotic tissues, and has been applied with some success to microbial samples^8,9. While cryoembedding allows for strong retention of endogenous and immunofluorescent signal, paraffin embedding is generally preferable as it provides better preservation of morphology¹⁶. In ...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
5 3/4" Pasteur pipette	Fisher Scientific	13-678-6A	Purchased from univeristy biostores
Agar	Teknova	A7777
Buchner Aspirator (Vacuum) Flask	Pyrex	5340	Purchased from univeristy biostores
Chemically-resistant Marking Pen	VWR	103051-182	Manufacturer: Leica
Clear Fingernail Polish	********	********	Store bought
Congo Red Indicator Grade	VWR	AAAB24310-14	Manufacturer: Alfa Aesar
Coomassie Blue	VWR	EM-3340	Manufacturer: EMD Millipore
TRIS-buffered Mounting Medium (w/ DAPI)	Fisher Scientific	50 247 04	Manufacturer: Electron Microscopy Sciences
Embedding Mold	********	********	3D printed in-house
Embedding Mold (commercial)	Electron Microscopy Sciences	70182
Ethanol 200P	Decon Labs, Inc.	2701	Purchased from univeristy biostores
Fine-tipped Brush	********	********	Store bought, paint brush
Glass Coverslips 60x22mm	Fisher Scientific	12-519-21C
Glass Rehydration Mailer	Ted Pella	21043	20 slide mailer
Histoclear-II, orange oil-based clearing agent	Fisher Scientific	50 899 90150	Manufacturer: National Diagnostics
Histosette, Embedding Casette	Fisher Scientific	15 182 701A
L-lysine hydrochloride	Fisher Scientific	BP386 100
Low Profile Microtome Blades	Fisher Scientific	22 210 048	Manufacturer: Sturkey
Micropipette	VWR	89080-004	Promo-pack
Micropipette Tips	See comments section	See comments section	p10 (Fisher Scientific, 02 707 469), p200 (VWR, 89079-474), p1250 (VWR, 89079-486)
Microtome	Fisher Scientific	905200U/00016050	Model: HM355S, Manufacturer: Microm, NON-CATALOG, Vendor Catalog # 905200U/00016050
Formaldehyde, 37% Aqueous (Formalin)	Ricca Chemical	RSOF0010-500A
Paraplast Xtra (paraffin wax)	VWR	15159-486	Manufacturer: McCormick Scientific
Petri Dishes Square 100x100x15mm	Laboratory Disposable Products	D210-16
Potassium chloride	EMD Chemicals	PX1405-1	Component of phosphate buffered saline, prepared in-house
Potassium phosphate	Fisher Scientific	P380-500	Component of phosphate buffered saline, prepared in-house
Razor Blades	VWR	55411-050	Purchased from univeristy biostores
Slide Warmer	Fisher Scientific	NC0865259	NON-CATALOG, Vendor Catalog # 12857D
Sodium chloride	VWR	0241-1KG	Component of phosphate buffered saline, prepared in-house
Sodium phosphate	VWR	BDH9296.500	,Component of phosphate buffered saline, prepared in-house
Suprafrost Histology Slides	Fisher Scientific	12-544-2
Tissue Flotation Water Bath	Fisher Scientific	NC0815797	Manufacturer: Ted Pella, Vendor Catalog # 28156-B
Automatic Tissue Processor	Fisher Scientific	813160U/Q#00009061	Model: STP120 Tissue Processor
Tryptone	Teknova	T9012
Yeast extract	Teknova	Y9010