Specific and Accurate Detection of the Citrus Greening Pathogen Candidatus liberibacter spp. Using Conventional PCR on Citrus Leaf Tissue Samples

Summary

Citrus Greening is a particularly destructive disease affecting citrus crops globally. Presented here is a simple method using PCR and genomic DNA extraction of citrus leaf tissue for the accurate and precise identification of the citrus greening pathogen, Candidatus liberibacter spp.

Abstract

Citrus greening, also known as huanglongbing, is a destructive citrus disease ravaging citrus farms globally. This disease causes asymmetrical yellow leaf mottling, vein yellowing, defoliation, root decay, and ultimately, the death of the citrus plant. When infected, the citrus plants have stunted growth and produce flowers out of season. These flowers rarely yield fruit, and those that do yield small, bitter, irregularly shaped citrus fruit that are not desirable. This disease is spread by the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, and by the grafting of infected citrus tissue. The pathogen has a long and variable incubation period within the citrus plant—sometimes years, before symptoms appear. Attempts to culture this pathogen in vitro have been unsuccessful, possibly due to the low and uneven concentration of the pathogen within infected citrus tissue, or because it is difficult to replicate the environmental conditions conducive to growth of the pathogen. It is very difficult to identify the disease before it has spread, due to its long incubation period and researchers' inability to culture the pathogen. As a result, the disease only becomes apparent after suddenly destroying a citrus farmer's entire yield. Presented here is a method for the accurate and specific detection of the citrus greening pathogen, Candidatus liberibacter spp. using a genomic DNA extraction kit and PCR. This method is simple, efficient, cost effective, and adaptable for quantitative analysis. This method can be adapted for use on any citrus tissue; however, it is potentially limited by the amount of pathogen present in the tissue. Nevertheless, this method will allow citrus farmers to identify infected citrus plants earlier, and curb the spread of this destructive disease before it can further spread.

Introduction

Citrus greening, also known as huanglongbing, has caused a significant loss of citrus trees. One representative case is Florida, where the disease is forecasted to cause a 70% reduction in the production of Florida orange boxes from 244 million boxes in the 1997 - 1998 season to 70 million boxes as of the 2016 - 2017 season¹. Over 90% of citrus trees in Florida are infected², and it is estimated that the Florida citrus industry loses about one billion dollars each year due to citrus diseases, wherein citrus greening plays a major role³. Citrus greening is spread primarily by the invasive Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri, but can also be spread by grafting of infected tissue. The disease causes yellowing of veins, asymmetrical yellow leaf mottling, premature defoliation, twig dieback, root decay, and death of the plant. Importantly, the disease causes the citrus plant to produce flowers out of season, which rarely produce fruit. The fruit that is produced by infected citrus plants are immature, green, and bitter tasting⁴.

The purpose of this method is to accurately and precisely identify the motile bacterium Candidatus liberibacter spp., the causative agent of citrus greening, living within the phloem of infected citrus trees⁵. Genomic DNA is extracted from whole leaf tissue, which contains the live bacteria. This extracted genomic DNA is used as a template for conventional PCR, where oligonucleotides complementary to the bacterium's 16S rDNA sequence are used to amplify this sequence. Oligonucleotides complementary to a citrus FBOX gene are used as an internal amplification control. We chose to use this method, because it has been proven to be successful in previous research⁶.

This method has the clear advantage of being simple, relatively inexpensive, and able to be performed in any normally equipped biochemistry lab. In addition, PCR remains the most accurate and precise method for detecting this pathogen, due to the difficulty of culturing this pathogen⁷, and the pathogen's ability to survive and reproduce for years within an asymptomatic host⁸. Many different specialty PCR assays have been used to successfully detect this pathogen; however, conventional PCR remains the simplest assay for accurate and specific detection, especially within asymptomatic hosts⁸.

Protocol

1. Isolate Genomic DNA from Plant Tissue Using a Genomic Extraction Kit

1. Obtain citrus leaf tissue by cutting a whole fresh leaf from a citrus tree using clean scissors, and place the leaf in a clean plastic sandwich bag.
   NOTE: The bag containing the leaf tissue should be placed in a 4 °C refrigerator or on ice in an insulated container as soon as possible after collection to avoid spoilage.
2. Add a small amount of liquid nitrogen to chill a mortar and pestle. While they are chilling, use scissors to cut out a small piece of leaf tissue, approximately 1 square inch in size. Place the cut tissue in the mortar to instantly freeze it. Add more liquid nitrogen, if needed.
   NOTE: Insulated gloves should always be worn while handling liquid nitrogen.
3. Quickly grind the plant tissue into a fine powder using the mortar. Continue grinding until the liquid nitrogen completely evaporates, and a fine green powder remains.
4. Briefly chill a metal spatula in liquid nitrogen for 10 - 15 s, then scoop the ground tissue inside the mortar into a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube, using the spatula.
5. Add 600 µL of Nuclei Lysis Solution (see Table of Materials) using a 1000 µL pipette and vortex the sample for 1 - 3 s, then incubate in a 65 °C water bath for 15 min.
6. Add 3 µL of RNase Solution to the lysate using a 10µL pipette, invert the tube 2 - 5 times to mix it, and incubate at 37 °C in a cabinet incubator for 15 min.
   NOTE: Allow the mixture to cool to room temperature before proceeding.
7. Add 200 µL of Protein Precipitation Solution, vortex at high speed for 20 s, then centrifuge for 3 min at 13,000 x g to form a firm pellet. While the sample is being centrifuged, add 600 µL of room temperature isopropanol to a fresh 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube.
8. Using a 1000 µL pipette, carefully remove the supernatant from the centrifuged sample, transferring it to the fresh 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube containing isopropanol. The pellet may now be discarded.
   NOTE: Avoid contaminating the supernatant with protein by leaving a miniscule amount of supernatant above the pellet.
9. Invert the tube until the DNA becomes visible as a mass of thread-like strands, then centrifuge at 13,000 x g for 1 min at room temperature.
10. Decant the supernatant, add 600 µL of 70% ethanol to the pellet, invert the tube several times to wash the DNA, and centrifuge at 13,000 x g for 1 min.
11. Carefully aspirate the ethanol, leaving the loose DNA pellet, then open and invert the tube, resting on absorbent paper. Air dry at room temperature for 15 min.
12. Add 100 µL of DNA Rehydration Solution to the dried DNA pellet, then incubate the DNA in a 65 °C water bath for 1 h, while mixing periodically by tapping the tube.
13. Place 1 µL of purified water on a microcuvette, and insert it into a spectrophotometer to be used as a blank. Calculate the concentration of DNA present by placing 1 µL of sample on the microcuvette, and inserting into the spectrophotometer. DNA concentration (ng/µL) can be calculated as (A₂₆₀- A₃₂₀) × dilution factor × 50 ng/µL.
    NOTE: The protocol can be paused here. The sample can be stored at 4 °C.

2. Perform PCR on Genomic DNA Samples

1. Combine 10 µL 2x PCR Master Mix (see Table of Materials), 1 µL forward primer (10 pM/µL), 1 µL reverse primer (10 pM/µL) (see Table 2 for primer sequences), 100 ng of genomic DNA extracted from the sample, and purified water (up to 20 µL final volume) in a 50 µL PCR tube, flick to mix, and briefly centrifuge.
2. Insert the PCR tube into the thermocycler and run accordingly (See Table 1).
   NOTE: The protocol can be paused here. If necessary, store sample at 4 °C after the reaction is complete.

3. Electrophorese the Amplified DNA in an Agarose Gel

1. Weigh 0.4 g agarose powder and add it along with 1x TAE buffer to a clean 200 mL Erlenmeyer flask, filling up to 50 mL.
2. Microwave on high for 1.5 min, shaking every 30 s, until agarose is fully dissolved.
   NOTE: Insulated gloves should be worn while handling liquid agarose to prevent burns.
3. Add 2.5 µL of 10 mg/mL ethidium bromide to the liquid agarose and shake to mix, then pour the liquid agarose gel into a level gel mold. Quickly insert standard 12-tooth gel combs after pouring.
4. Allow the gel to cool for 20 min at room temperature, then remove gel combs, and place the gel into a level gel box filled with 1x TAE buffer.
5. Using a micropipette, load the total amplified DNA samples into wells. Add 5 µL of DNA ladder (see Table of Materials) in a separate well from your samples.
6. Electrophorese the samples for 35 min at a constant 90 V, then remove the gel and place in a UV transilluminator.
7. Photograph and analyze the gel banding pattern while using UV transillumination at 302 nm.

Results

A positive result yields a distinct band corresponding to 500 bp for Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Las606/Lss⁶, and/or a distinct band corresponding to 700 bp for Laa2/Laj5, an insert in the 16S ribosomal β operon⁹. The internal amplification control band must also appear at 400 bp. This band corresponds to amplification of the citrus FBOX gene¹⁰, and must appear for a ...

Discussion

It is critical that all steps are followed exactly to achieve optimum experimental conditions. Whole leaf tissue was used during this demonstration; however, the protocol can be modified to theoretically include any type of plant tissue. Previously, researchers have extracted genomic DNA from leaf vein tissue, rather than whole leaf tissue, and achieved similar results¹¹. If the band corresponding to the citrus FBOX gene fails to appear, the result is invalid, and there may be one or more...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Wizard Genomic DNA Purification Kit	Promega	A1120	Source of Nuclei Lysis, RNase, Protein Precipitation, and DNA Rehydration solutions
Liquid nitrogen	Air Products	N/A
Mastercycler pro with control panel	Eppendorf	6321000019
1250 W Microwave	Panasonic	N/A
5424 table top centrifuge	Eppendorf	05-403-93
Isotemp 215 digital water bath	Fisher scientific	15-462-15Q
Metal spatula	Sigma-Aldrich	Z283274
Mortar and pestle	Sigma-Aldrich	Z247464
LSE Vortex Mixer	Corning	6775
2-propanol	Sigma-Aldrich	I9516
Sterile 10 μL tips	TipOne	1161-3730
Sterile 200 μL tips	TipOne	1163-1730
Sterile 1250 μL tips	TipOne	1161-1750
Variable Volume Pipettor Kit	VWR	75788-460
Ethidium bromide	Sigma-Aldrich	E1510
Agarose	IBI Scientific	IB70041
EDTA	Thermo Fisher Scientific	17892
Acetic acid	Fisher Chemical	A38-212
Tris base	Sigma-Aldrich	10708976001
μcuvette	Eppendorf	6138000018
Stackable casting tray and combs	Carolina	213655
PowerPac Basic Power Supply	Bio-Rad	1645050
Mini-Sub Cell GT System	Bio-Rad	1704487EDU
Biospectrometer basic	Eppendorf	6135000009
0.2 mL PCR tubes	Fisher scientific	AB-0620
1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes	Thermo Fisher Scientific	3439
2X Taq Green PCR Master Mix	Promega	M7122
Forward Primer	Thermo Fisher Scientific	N/A
Reverse Primer	Thermo Fisher Scientific	N/A
Water, PCR grade	Sigma-Aldrich	3315953001
Gel Doc XR+	Bio-Rad	1708195
1 KB+ DNA ladder	Thermo Fisher Scientific	10787018