A Microphysiologic Platform for Human Fat: Sandwiched White Adipose Tissue

Summary

White adipose tissue (WAT) has critical deficiencies in its current primary culture models, hindering pharmacological development and metabolic studies. Here, we present a protocol to produce an adipose microphysiological system by sandwiching WAT between sheets of stromal cells. This construct provides a stable and adaptable platform for primary WAT culture.

Abstract

White adipose tissue (WAT) plays a crucial role in regulating weight and everyday health. Still, there are significant limitations to available primary culture models, all of which have failed to faithfully recapitulate the adipose microenvironment or extend WAT viability beyond two weeks. The lack of a reliable primary culture model severely impedes research in WAT metabolism and drug development. To this end we have utilized NIH's standards of a microphysiologic system to develop a novel platform for WAT primary culture called 'SWAT' (sandwiched white adipose tissue). We overcome the natural buoyancy of adipocytes by sandwiching minced WAT clusters between sheets of adipose-derived stromal cells. In this construct, WAT samples are viable over eight weeks in culture. SWAT maintains the intact ECM, cell-to-cell contacts, and physical pressures of in vivo WAT conditions; additionally, SWAT maintains a robust transcriptional profile, sensitivity to exogenous chemical signaling, and whole tissue function. SWAT represents a simple, reproducible, and effective method of primary adipose culture. Potentially, it is a broadly applicable platform for research in WAT physiology, pathophysiology, metabolism, and pharmaceutical development.

Introduction

Adipose tissue is the primary organ of obesity, which carries direct annual medical costs between $147 billion and $210 billion in the U.S.¹. The accumulation of adipose tissue also contributes to other leading causes of death such as heart disease, type II diabetes, and certain types of cancer². In vitro culture models are essential for metabolic studies and drug development, but current research models of adipose tissue have major deficiencies. Adipocytes are fragile, buoyant, and terminally differentiated cells that will not adhere to cell culture plastics, and therefore cannot be cultured using conventional cell culture methods. Since the 1970s, several methods have been used in attempts to overcome these barriers, including the use of glass coverslips, ceiling culture, suspension culture, and extracellular matrices^3,4,5,6,7. However, these methods have been marked by cell death and dedifferentiation, and they are typically used for no more than a two-week study period. Moreover, these models do not attempt recapitulate the native adipose microenvironment as they do not maintain the intact ECM, the interactions between adipocytes and stromal support cells, nor the contractile forces cells exert on each other in in vivo WAT.

In the absence of a gold-standard primary adipose culture method, adipose research has relied primarily on differentiated pre-adipocytes (diffAds). DiffAds are multilocular, adherent, and metabolically active. By contrast, primary white adipocytes are unilocular, nonadherent, and demonstrate relatively low metabolism. The failure of current adipose culture models to recapitulate the physiology of healthy mature adipose tissue is likely a major factor in the absence of FDA-approved medications that directly target adipocytes. In fact, the lack of physiologic in vitro organ models is a major problem across most organs and disease.

In its position paper announcing the creation of its Microphysiological Systems (MPS) program, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) reported that the 2013 success rate across all human pharmaceutical clinical trials was only 18% for phase II and 50% for phase III clinical trials⁸.The MPS program is designed to directly address the inability of in vitro monoculture to model human physiology. The NIH defines MPSs as culture systems comprised of human primary or stem cells in multicellular 3D constructs that recapitulate organ functioning. Unlike reductionist models of homogeneous, immortalized cell cultures, MPSs should accurately model cell-cell, drug-cell, drug-drug, and organ-drug interactions⁹. Unlike short-term primary culture methods, NIH standards dictate MPS sustainability over 4 weeks in culture⁸. Further details of the MPS program can be found at the NIH's RFAs (#RFA-TR-18-001)¹⁰.

We have developed a simple, novel, adaptable, and inexpensive adipose MPS termed "sandwiched white adipose tissue" (SWAT)¹¹. We overcome the natural buoyancy of adipocytes by "sandwiching" minced primary adipose tissue between sheets of adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) (Figure 1). The resulting 3D construct recapitulates the cell-cell contact and the native adipose microenvironment by surrounding mature adipocytes with a natural adipocyte support cell population. SWAT has been validated by demonstrating 8-week viability, response to exogenous signaling, adipokine secretion, and engraftment into an animal model.

Protocol

All tasks were performed in adherence to protocols #8759 and #9189, as approved by the IRB Office of LSUHSC-NO. All animal work was performed in adherence to protocol #3285 approved by the IACUC Office at LSUHSC-NO.

1. Seeding of Sandwiching Cell Sheets

NOTE: See Figure 1.

1. Seed ADSCs at approximately 80% confluency in tissue culture plates (6 cm or 6-well plates). For each well of SWAT desired, seed 1 conventional tissue culture well and 1 well of corresponding size on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide (pNIPAAm)-coated tissue culture plastic plate.
   NOTE: Accordingly, a 6-well plate of SWAT will require seeding cells on one 6-well standard tissue culture plate (base layer) and one 6-well pNIPAAm-coated tissue culture plate (upper layer). pNIPAAm-coated plates can be bought commercially or produced in-lab^12,13,14.
2. Maintain ADSCs at 37 °C and 5% CO₂ in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% FBS and 1x Penicillin/Streptomycin_. Change media every 2 days.
3. Allow cells to coalesce until they become 100% confluent and take on a striated pattern (approximately 6–8 days).
   NOTE: These cells will need to function as a single intact cell sheet in order to stabilize the buoyant adipose tissue. Insufficiently confluent cells will fragment upon seeding with WAT.

2. Preparation of SWAT Supplies

1. Prepare several 10 mL aliquots of 1x Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS); prepare enough for the desired number of plates with volume to spare.
2. Prepare the plunger apparatus for SWAT seeding. Construct the plunger using simple acrylic plastics, comprised of a stem attached to a round disk. Ensure that it fits within the circumference of the tissue culture wells (diameter: <6 cm for 6 cm dish, <3.5 cm for 6-well plate; approximate mass: 6.7 g for a 6 cm dish, 5.1 g for a 6-well plate).
   1. Prepare extra plungers to ensure that the procedure will run smoothly in case there is a problem with any individual plunger.
   2. Wrap lab tape around the rim of the plunger disk, at least 2x, to prevent leakage of gelatin solution.
   3. Spray a biosafety cabinet (BSC) with 70% EtOH. Spray down a 15 mL conical tube rack inside the BSC with empty, uncapped 15 mL conical tubes; tubes will help secure the placement of the gelatin plungers.
   4. Spray each tape-wrapped plunger thoroughly with 70% EtOH and place into a 15mL conical tube on the rack. Spray metal washers (approximate mass 6.3 g) and place them on the rack along with a pair of hooked forceps; the washers will add weight to the plungers during SWAT seeding.
   5. Close the BSC sash and turn on the UV light to facilitate drying and sterilization.
      NOTE: Ideally, conduct this step 24 h prior to SWAT seeding. Alternatively, conduct the process on the day of tissue collection/SWAT seeding; however, in this case, allow 15–45 min for UV drying/sterilization.

3. Preparation of Gelatin Plungers — Application to Upper Cell Sheets

1. Heat a water bath to 75 °C.
2. Prepare the gelatin solution by adding 0.75 g of gelatin powder to 10 mL stock of 1x HBSS. Under a fume hood add 100 µL of 1 M NaOH to balance the pH of the solution.
   1. Add the 10 mL stocks to the water bath and shake vigorously every 5 min until the powder dissolves into solution. Aim to dissolve the powdered gelatin soon after adding to the heated water bath.
   2. Turn on the BSC blower, turn off the UV light, and raise the sash. Spray the BSC surface and prepare the filter supplies (5 mL luer-lock syringes and 0.2 µm syringe filters). Prepare multiple filters to efficiently strain sufficient volumes of gelatin to apply to plungers.
3. When the gelatin solution reaches a homogenous consistency, filter the solution and apply it to the plungers. Load the syringe with gelatin. Apply the gelatin to the plastic plungers through the syringe filter (~2.5 mL for a 6-well plate, ~4.5 mL for a 6 cm dish) and allow to solidify (~20 min).
4. Once the gelatin is solid, unwrap the tape from the edge of the plungers. With hooked forceps, remove the gelatin from the outer edge of the plunger (i.e., the raised edges of the meniscus). Ensure that the remaining gelatin in the center of the plunger is completely level to maximize contact with ADSC sheet.
5. Once excess gelatin is removed, gently apply the gelatin plungers to the pNIPAAm-coated ADSC plates. Use the metal washers to weigh down the plunger. Do not shear cell sheets while applying the plungers.
6. Leave the plungers on the cell sheets for 1.5 h at room temperature. Incubate plates/plungers in an ice water bath for 1.5 h to complete dissociation of the cell sheet from the pNIPAAm-coated plate surface.
   1. Exercise caution while incubating in the ice bath; do not allow the ice bath to contaminate the cell media during incubation.
   2. After completing incubation, clean the bottom of the pNIPAAm-coated plates to remove non-sterile water.

4. White Adipose Tissue Processing

1. When collecting human adipose tissue from the operating room, keep all samples in a sterile container that is on ice until SWAT is to be seeded. Add sterile maintenance media, such as phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), to adipose tissue container for tissue stability.
2. Add cold cell culture medium to 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes for each well/dish to be seeded (100 µL for a 6-well plate, 200 µL for a 6 cm dish).
3. Mince the adipose tissue.
   1. For solid adipose tissue segments, do as follows.
      1. Wash large segments of adipose tissue 3x in sterile PBS and remove as much PBS as possible.
      2. Coarsely mince tissue with forceps and sterile razor and remove as much vasculature and fascia as possible (see Discussion for more detail).
      3. Finely mince fat with razor until minced tissue takes on thick, liquid consistency.
         NOTE: Ideally tissue will appear homogenous with no visible individual segments of WAT although this is not always possible.
   2. Process lipoaspirate as follows.
      1. Under the BSC, tape sterile gauze over the top of a beaker, and place this beaker in a larger beaker to collect any excess liquid.
      2. Using a 25 mL serological pipette, draw as much lipoaspirate as needed and apply it to the surface of the sterile gauze. Apply PBS directly to this surface to wash lipoaspirated fat and to remove excess blood and lipid residue.
      3. Use forceps to recover drained tissue, transfer it to a sterile mincing surface, and mince the lipoaspirate.
4. Use a sterile razor to cut off the distal end of p1000 pipette tips to transfer minced tissue; this will minimize shear stress that can lead to adipocyte lysis. Once a proper tissue consistency is reached transfer the desired volume of minced tissue to each 1.5 mL tube (300–400 µL for 6-well plate, 500–600 µL for 6 cm dish). Mix minced WAT and media briefly in the tubes.
5. Take the base ADSC plates and decant/aspirate the media. Replace the media with the WAT/media mixture from each 1.5 mL tube.
   1. Gently remove the gelatin plungers from the pNIPAAm-coated plates and apply them to the WAT mixture on the base ADSC plates. Examine the monolayer of the pNIPAAm-coated plates under a microscope to confirm cellular detachment.
6. Set a heat block to approximately 37–40 °C under the BSC. With the plungers still in place, move the plates to the heat block's surface. Add 2–3 mL of warmed culture media to incubate the cells and facilitate gelatin melting.
7. After ~30 min, gently remove the plungers from the plate surface. Replace the lids of the base tissue culture plates and move to a cell culture incubator. Once the gelatin has completely liquefied at 37 °C, aspirate and replace cell culture media.
8. Maintain SWAT at 37 °C and 5% CO₂ in phenol red-free M199 medium with 7 µM insulin, 30 µM dexamethasone, 1x Penicillin/Streptomycin. Maintain in approximately 2 mL media for 6-well plates and 3 mL for 6 cm dishes. Change media every 2 days.

5. SWAT Harvest

1. Prepare collagenase (0.5 mg/mL collagenase, 500 nM adenosine, in PBS) aliquots in 15 mL conical tubes (approximate volume of 10 mL). Freeze the tubes and store them at -20 °C.
2. Aspirate any culture medium from cells, wash 1x with PBS, and then aspirate PBS. Prep the collagenase aliquots by thawing them in a 37 °C water bath.
   NOTE: Ideally, the collagenase solution will reach 37 °C; immediately thereafter, add tissue.
3. Add all tissue from the SWAT plate to the individual aliquots. Harvest SWAT using a sterile cell scrapper and transfer it to the collagenase aliquots with a cut-off p1000 pipette tip. Add tissue directly to the 15 mL conical tubes containing collagenase solution.
   1. Alternatively, incubate the tissue/collagenase mixture in a 50 mL conical tube; the increased surface area will further facilitate enzymatic digestion.
4. Place sample tubes in an incubated orbital shaker at a 45° angle. Incubate at 200 rpm, at 37 °C for 30–60 min.
5. Place a 250 µm mesh filter into a new 15 mL conical tube for collection. Pour the digested adipocyte solution through the filter.
   NOTE: This will allow all cells to pass through while filtering out fibrous tissue.
6. Allow flow-through to sit for 5 min at room temperature to allow for phase separation.
   NOTE: The adipocytes will float to the top of the solution while the adipose stromal cells (ASCs) will settle into the lower phases. Centrifugation for 5 min at 500 x g can also maximize cell separation or harvest surrounding ADSCs in the pellet.
7. Using a cut-off p1000 pipette tip, transfer the adipocytes (the floating layer at top of collagenase solution) to a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge collection tube. Taking ~250 µL at a time, pipette slowly along the edge of the tube to collect the adipocytes.
   1. Rotate the tube slowly while collecting the adipocytes to maximize the recovery of cells adhering to the inside. Keep drawing more cells until the 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube is full.
8. Remove excess liquid from the isolated adipocytes using a syringe attached to a needle (~21 G). Submerge the needle under the floating adipocyte layer. Agitate the needle briefly to dislodge any cells adhering to the needle shaft, and then wait for the dislodged adipocytes to float to the top.
9. Slowly draw the excess liquid, being careful to avoid unintended removal of adipocytes. Use microcentrifuge tube graduations to consistently isolate sample volumes (e.g., .0.1 mL for each sample).
10. Use the isolated cells for DNA/RNA extraction, glucose uptake assay, lipolysis assay, etc.

Results

Viability of SWAT was initially assessed by serial brightfield imaging of individual WAT clusters (n = 12) over approximately 7.6 weeks. Clusters remained secured in place on the monolayer throughout this time. Slight morphological changes were observed with individual adipocytes warping slightly or shifting positions. However, adipocytes neither become multilocular over time, indicating a lack of dedifferentiation, nor did they exhibit any visible signs of cell death such as cellular ble...

Discussion

This protocol details the use of ADSCs to sandwich human white adipose tissue; human ADSC cell lines can be isolated via well-established protocols¹⁵. However, the system can be adapted for individualized research requirements (such as using 3T3L-1 cells to sandwich mouse WAT). This process involves handling primary human tissue. Standard safety precautions should be employed; handle human tissues as BSL-2 pathogens (e.g., HIV, HepC). Only handle tissue directly under a BSC. Wear all appr...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
10x HBSS	Thermofisher	14185052
Gelatin	Sigma-aldrich	G9391
Collagenase	Sigma-aldrich	C5138
Adenosine	Sigma-aldrich	A9251
DMEM	Thermofisher	11995065
M199 Media	Thermofisher	11043023	Phenol red-free
250 µm Mesh Filter	Pierce	87791
0.2 µm Syringe Filter	Celltreat	229747
5 mL Luer-Lok syringes	BD	309646
Metal Washers			These are simple metal washers and can be bought at any hardware store. They simply add leight weight to the backs of the plugers to ensure even contact between cells and gelatin, while being easy to stock and sterilize. Approximate mass: 6.3 g
Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Heated Equipment
Incubated Orbital Shaker	VWR	10020-988	Samples should be pitched at 45° angle to facilitate collagenase digestion
Heat Block			Set to 37-40 °C and placed under Biosafety Cabinet
Water Bath			Set to ~75 °C
Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Specialized Plastics
Upcell Dishes 6cm of 6-multiwell	Nunc	174902  or 174901	These are commerically available pNIPAAm-coated dishes which can be used to grow the upper sheet of ADSCs. Alternatively, pNIPAAm-coated plates can be produced in-lab. diameter: <6 cm for 6 cm dish, <3.5 cm for 6-well plate; approximate mass: 6.7g for 6 cm dish, 5.1 g for 6-well plate
Plastic Plunger Apparatus			These can be fashioned to fit within desired pNIPAAm-coated plastics (multiwell plates, petri dishes). They are comprised of a simple stem attached to a circular disk. They can be produced in-lab or by any facility that can fashion acrylic plastics