The protocol described here utilizes a photolabeling approach in newborn mice to specifically identify immune cells that emigrate from the colon to extra-intestinal sites. This strategy will be useful to study host-microbiome interactions in early life.
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Method Article
In Vivo Photolabeling of Cells in the Colon to Assess Migratory Potential of Hematopoietic Cells in Neonatal Mice
In This Article
Summary
Abstract
Enteric bacterial communities are established early in life and influence immune cell development and function. The neonatal microbiota is susceptible to numerous external influences including antibiotics use and diet, which impacts susceptibility to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Disorders such as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) are characterized by a massive influx of immune cells to the intestines. However, immune cells conditioned by the microbiota may additionally emigrate out of the intestines to influence immune responses at extra-intestinal sites. Thus, there is a need to identify and characterize cells that may carry microbial messages from the intestines to distal sites. Here, we describe a method to label cells in the colon of newborn mice in vivo that enables their identification at extra-intestinal sites after migration.
Introduction
The mammalian gastrointestinal tract harbors hundreds of species of bacteria that exist in a symbiotic relationship with the host1. The immune cells present in the local milieu enforce a peaceful coexistence with these microbes and establish a protective barrier against pathogen invasions. Thus, bi-directional interactions between the immune cells and the microbiota are critical to establish a commensal community that educates the host immune system and sets the threshold for immune reactivity to pathogens. Changes in the microbial composition, or dysbiosis, can disturb the immune homeostasis and perturb regulatory circuits that restrain intest....
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Protocol
All animal procedures were performed with the approval of and in compliance with the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at Massachusetts General Hospital.
CAUTION: This protocol involves the use of a class 3b laser (LG3). LG3 laser safety goggles must always be used when operating this laser. Appropriate training and safety guidelines must be followed to avoid the risk of injury.
1. Design and Assembly of Laser
- Connect the light-emitting diode (LED) (405 nm, 19.3 mW, 1400 mA, fiber-coupled) to the LED driver via the 4-pin M8 connector cable that comes attached to the LED. Car....
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Results
A fiber-optic cable was used to deliver 405 nm light into the colons of 2-day old PhAMexcised mice. In previous experiments, a 30 s exposure was determined to give a maximal photoconversion of colon cells with minimal cytotoxicity (Figure 1A). Therefore, sequential 30 s exposures of different segments of the colon were carried out as described in the protocol. Following the laser exposure, the mice were immediately euthanized, and .......
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Discussion
The identification and characterization of cells that interact with and are influenced by the microbiota in the colon are important and should facilitate understanding of how information from the mucosal microenvironment is relayed to the rest of the body. One method for studying gut-related cell migration requires the isolation of gut-associated cells followed by an adoptive transfer into recipient mice to determine their tissue-homing patterns and function12,13.......
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Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Nitya Jain was supported by an NIH/NIAID Career Transition Award 1K22AI116661-01.
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Materials
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Laser | |||
| Light Emitting Diode (LED) | THORLABS | M405FP1 | CAUTION: this is a Class 3b laser. Safety goggles must be worn when using the laser. It emits a 405 nm wavelength with a current of 1400 mA. It is fiber-coupled. It accepts SMA connector. https://www.thorlabs.com/thorproduct.cfm?partnumber=M405FP1 |
| LED driver | THORLABS | LEDD1B | Drives a constant current of 1200 mA through the laser. https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=2616 |
| Optogenetics patch cable | THORLABS | M87L01 | 1 m long cable with an SMA connector. https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=11405&pn=M87L01#11454 |
| Fiber optic cannula | Doric lenses | MFC_480/500-0.5_5mm_ZF1.25_C45 | 5 mm long cannula with an outer diameter of 500 µm and an inner diameter of 480 µm. The NA value is 0.5. The ferrule is zirconia, 1.25 mm OD. https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=6036 |
| Power supply | THORLABS | KPS101 | Supplies 15 V with a current of 2.4 A https://www.thorlabs.com/search/thorsearch.cfm?search=KPS101 |
| LG3 laser safety goggles | THORLABS | LG3 | Orange lenses with 47% visible light transmission https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=762&pn=LG3#2523 |
| Red light | Electron Microscopy Sciences | 74327-10 | 15 W lamp https://us.vwr.com/store/product/12360027/paterson-safelight-electron-microscopy-sciences |
| Intestinal cell isolation | |||
| Isoflurane | Patterson Veterinary | 07-893-1389 | CAUTION: inhalation of this anesthetic may cause dizziness, drowsiness, or even unconsciousness. This anesthetic should be used in a Class II hood. https://www.pattersonvet.com/Supplies/ProductFamilyDetails/PIF_762328?carouselPageNumber=3 |
| 1X HBSS | Gibco | 14025076 | Ca/Mg free https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/gibco-hbss-calcium-magnesium-no-phenol-red-4/14025076?searchHijack=true&searchTerm=14025076&searchType=RAPID&matchedCatNo=14025076 |
| Calf Serum | Hyclone AZM | 197696 | |
| EDTA | Invitrogen | 15575020 | 0.5 M concentration https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/15575020?SID=srch-srp-15575020 |
| DTT | Sigma | 10197777001 | CAUTION: harmful if swallowed and causes skin irritation. 1 M concentration https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/roche/dttro?lang=en®ion=US |
| HEPES | Gibco | 15630080 | 1 M concentration https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/15630080?SID=srch-hj-15630080 |
| Petri dish | Corning | 353004 | https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/falcon-easy-grip-tissue-culture-dishes-2/08772f?searchHijack=true&searchTerm=08772F&searchType=RAPID&matchedCatNo=08772F |
| 70 micron cell strainer | Falcon | 352350 | https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/falcon-cell-strainers-4/087712 |
| Micro magnetic stir bar | Fisherbrand | 1451364 | Rinse in 70% ethanol after each use. Rinse several times in distilled water prior to each use. The bar is 8 mm long with an octagonal shape. https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/fisherbrand-octagonal-magnetic-stir-bars-12/1451364#?keyword=1451364 |
| Magnetic stir plate | Corning Laboratory Stirrers | 440826 | https://www.coleparmer.com/i/corning-440826-nine-position-stirrer-120-vac-60-hz/8430420?PubID=UX&persist=true&ip=no&gclid=CjwKCAiAqbvTBRAPEiwANEkyCLPLrWABXmOUI0QE53NLV0Owxlcs2V1K6rWbRPOwlcVVDq000FBiQxoCqQAQAvD_BwE |
| Collagenase | Roche | 5401020001 | https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/roche/05401020001?lang=en®ion=US&gclid=CjwKCAiAjuPRBRBxEiwAeQ2QPhE44qlvxjmo1PYu3zCas3w-_d6P9gKjXW82-c1EOm6NjPHCc5WuixoC_0IQAvD_BwE |
| DNase I | Sigma | 10104159001 | https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/roche/10104159001?lang=en®ion=US |
| 1X PBS | Gibco | 20012-027 | https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/20012027?SID=srch-hj-20012-027 |
| Pipet aid | Thermo Scientific | 14387165 | https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/s1-pipette-fillers/14387165#?keyword=14387165 |
| 10 mL serological pipet | Falcon | 357530 | https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/falcon-serological-pipets-bulk-pack-5/p-163659 |
| 25 mL serological pipet | Falcon | 357515 | https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/falcon-serological-pipets-bulk-pack-5/p-163659 |
| 15 mL conical centrifuge tube | Thermo Scientific | 339651 | https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/339650 |
| 50 mL conical centrifuge tube | Thermo Scientific | 339653 | https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/339650 |
| Single cell suspension | |||
| Eppendorf tubes | Seal-Rite | 1615-5500 | Holds 1.5 mL. https://www.usascientific.com/Seal-Rite-1.5-ml-tube.aspx |
| Tissue homogenizer | Kimble | K7495400000 | Requires 2 AA batteries. https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/kontes-pellet-pestle-cordless-motor-cordless-motor/k7495400000 |
| Homogenizer tips | Kimble | 7495210590 | Plastic, 0.5 mL tips https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/kimble-chase-kontes-pellet-pestle-14/k7495210590#?keyword=7495210590 |
| ACK lysing buffer | Gibco | A10492-01 | https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/A1049201?SID=srch-hj-A10492-01 |
| 40 micron cell strainer | Falcon | 08-771-1 | https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/falcon-cell-strainers-4/087711 |
| Antibodies | |||
| BV786 anti-mouse CD45 | BD | 564225 | Clone 3O-F11 https://www.bdbiosciences.com/us/reagents/research/antibodies-buffers/immunology-reagents/anti-mouse-antibodies/cell-surface-antigens/bv786-rat-anti-mouse-cd45-30-f11/p/564225 |
| Live/Dead | Invitrogen | L34962 | https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/L34962 |
| Other | |||
| Razor blades | VWR | 55411-050 | Use for decapitation. https://us.vwr.com/store/product/4548306/vwr-razor-blades |
References
- Maynard, C. L., Elson, C. O., Hatton, R. D., Weaver, C. T. Reciprocal interactions of the intestinal microbiota and immune system. Nature. 489, 231-241 (2012).
- Paun, A., Yau, C., Danska, J. S. The Influence of the Microbiome on Type 1 Diabetes. Journal of Immunology. 198
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