Preparation of Mouse Retinal Cryo-sections for Immunohistochemistry

Summary

This report describes comprehensive methods for preparing frozen mouse retina sections for immunohistochemistry (IHC). Methods described include dissection of the ocular posterior cup, paraformaldehyde fixation, embedding in Optimal Cutting Temperature (OCT) media and tissue orientation, sectioning and immunostaining.

Abstract

Preparation of high-quality mouse eye sections for immunohistochemistry (IHC) is critical for assessing the retinal structure and function and for determining the mechanisms underlying retinal diseases. Maintaining structural integrity throughout the tissue preparation is vital for obtaining reproducible retinal IHC data but can be challenging due to the fragility and complexity of retinal cytoarchitecture. Strong fixatives like 10% formalin or Bouin's solution optimally preserve the retinal structure, they often impede IHC analysis by enhancing the background fluorescence and/or diminishing antibody-epitope interactions, a process known as epitope masking. Milder fixatives, on the other hand, like 4% paraformaldehyde, reduces background fluorescence and epitope-masking, meticulous dissection techniques must be utilized to preserve the retinal structure. In this article, we present a comprehensive method to prepare mouse ocular posterior cups for IHC that is sufficient to preserve most antibody-epitope interactions without loss of retinal structural integrity. We include representative IHC with antibodies to various retinal cell type markers to illustrate tissue preservation and orientation under optimal and sub-optimal conditions. Our goal is to optimize IHC studies of the retina by providing a complete protocol from ocular posterior cup dissection to IHC.

Introduction

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a powerful technique for localizing specific proteins and cellular structures in tissues in situ^1,2,3. Inappropriate fixation methods and sub-optimal sectioning of complex tissues can disrupt tissue structure, generate high background staining or diminish antibody-epitope interactions, resulting in staining artifacts and consequent misinterpretation of IHC data⁴. As the vertebrate retina is a complex and highly organized neural organ composed of strata of interconnected photoreceptors, interneurons and ganglion cells, it i....

Protocol

All methods described here were carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations in the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals provided by the Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Pennsylvania.

All tools and equipment for the methods are shown in Figure 1 and listed in the Table of Materials.

1 . Mouse eye enucleation, eye cup dissection, and embedding

1. Euthanize mice with carbon dioxide (CO₂) followed by....

Results

To illustrate how these protocols, ensure optimal retinal preservation for IHC, we probed retinal sections from P28 WT mice (C57BL/6N) with antibodies to rhodopsin (a photoreceptor marker)⁸, glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (Gad65, an amacrine cell marker)⁹, glutamine synthetase (GS, a Müller cell marker)¹⁰, and calbindin (a horizontal cell marker)¹¹ (Figure 4). IHC .......

Discussion

Mouse retina dissection is a delicate process due to the small size and shape of mouse eyes and the fragility of retinal tissue. Even though performing high-quality dissection is a matter of practice, having a detailed protocol, providing efficient methods and tips is a necessity to obtain retinal sections and IHC. In addition to the protocols described here, there are several tips that allow for consistent high-quality retinal sections that are suitable for reproducible IHC.

Prior to commenci.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
6qt. Stainless Steel Beaker (185 x 218mm)	Gilson	#MA-48	For liquid nitrogen (Figure 1E)
Aluminum foil
Cauterizer	Bovie	#AA01	To mark eye orientation (Figure 1A)
Curved forceps, Dumont #5/45 tweezers, 45-degrees bent	Electron Microscopy Sciences	#72703-D	For mouse eye enucleation and maintenance (Figure 1A)
Curved scissors, Vannas Spring Scissors - 2.5mm Cutting Edge	Fine Science Tools	#15002-08	To circumferentially cut the cornea (Figure 1B)
Dental wax-coated 35mm dissection dish			For eye cup dissection (Figure 1C)
Dissecting microscope	Leica, Houston, USA	MZ12.5 High-performance stereomicroscope
Micro Knives - Plastic Handle	Fine Science Tools	#10315-12	To make a small incision at the burn mark (Figure 1A)
Pink dental wax	Electron Microscopy Sciences	#72660	For coating dissection dish
Slide Rack and Coverplate	Ted Pella	#36107	For retinal IHC (Figure 1G)
Stainless Steel Beaker (89 x 114mm)	Gilson	#MA-40	For isopentane bath (Figure 1E)
Styrofoam box			For insulated cooler
Thin forceps Dumont #5	Fine Science Tools	#11254-20	To remove the cornea and extract the lens (Figure 1B)
Tissue-Tek cryomold  (10mm x 10mm x 5mm)	Electron Miscroscopy Sciences	#62534-10	Mold for OCT embedding
Buffers and Reagents	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Blocking solution			2% Normal Horse Serum, 1.5% Cold Fish skin Gelatin (at 40-50% in H2O, cat #G7765), 5% bovine serum albumin (cat #AK1391-0100) in permeabilization buffer.
Gelvatol (anti-fading mounting media)			Under the fume hood, dissolve 0.337g DABCO (Sigma cat #D2522-25G) in 10mL Fluoromount G (Fisher cat #OB100-01).  Adjust to pH 8-8.5 with 12N HCl (~ 5 drops).  Store in amber drop bottle at 4°C  (8).
Hoechst 33342 1000x Stock	Thermo Scientific	#62249	1 mg/ml in PBS (1000x). Aliquot and store in dark, at 4°C for up to 1 year or at -20°C for long term storage. Prepare fresh  at 1 ug/mL (1x)
Isopentane, 99%	GFS Chemicals	#2961
Liquid Nitrogen
Paraformaldehyde (PFA) in PBS	Electron Microscopy Sciences	#15710	Prepared fresh 4% PFA from 16% PFA stock. Store the remaining 16% PFA at 4°C in the dark.
Permeabilization solution			PBS + 0.25% Triton-X (AMRESCO cat #0694-1L) + 0.05% NaN3.  Prepare fresh.
Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)	Bioworld	#41620015-20	0.02 g/L KCl, 0.02 g/L KH2PO4, 0.8 g/L NaCl, 0.216 g/L Na2HPO4 , pH 7.4.  Prepared from 10x stock
Sucrose solutions	Fisher Scientific	#S-5-500	Dissolve the appropriate amount of sucrose in  37°C PBS (takes ~15 min to dissolve). May be stored for a few days at 4°C.
Tissue-Tek OCT-compound	Sakura	#4583
Antibodies	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
anti-calbindin	Sigma-Aldrich	C8666	To label horinzotal cells
anti-GAD65	Chemicon	AB5082	To label GABAergic amacrine cells
anti-GS	BD Transduction	610517	To label Müller cells
anti-rhodopsin	Millipore	MAB5316	To label rods