Electroporation Method for In Vivo Delivery of Plasmid DNA in the Adult Zebrafish Telencephalon

Summary

Presented here is an electroporation method for plasmid DNA delivery and ependymoglial cell labeling in the adult zebrafish telencephalon. This protocol is a quick and efficient method to visualize and trace individual ependymoglial cells and opens up new possibilities to apply electroporation to a broad range of genetic manipulations.

Abstract

Electroporation is a transfection method in which an electrical field is applied to cells to create temporary pores in a cell membrane and increase its permeability, thereby allowing different molecules to be introduced to the cell. In this paper, electroporation is used to introduce plasmids to ependymoglial cells, which line the ventricular zone of the adult zebrafish telencephalon. A fraction of these cells shows stem cell properties and generates new neurons in the zebrafish brain; therefore, studying their behavior is essential to determine their roles in neurogenesis and regeneration. The introduction of plasmids via electroporation enables long-term labeling and tracking of a single ependymoglial cell. Furthermore, plasmids such as Cre recombinase or Cas9 can be delivered to single ependymoglial cells, which enables gene recombination or gene editing and provides a unique opportunity to assess the cell’s autonomous gene function in a controlled, natural environment. Finally, this detailed, step-by-step electroporation protocol is used to obtain successful introduction of plasmids into a large number of single ependymoglial cells.

Introduction

Zebrafish are excellent animal models to examine brain regeneration after a stab wound injury. In comparison to mammals, on the evolutionary ladder, less evolved species such as zebrafish generally show higher rates of constitutive neurogenesis and broader areas of adult neural stem cell residence, leading to constant generation of new neurons throughout most brain areas in the adult life. This feature appears to correlate with significantly higher regenerative capacity of zebrafish in comparison to mammals¹, as zebrafish have remarkable potential to efficiently generate new neurons in most brain injury models studied^{2,3,4,5,6,7,8}. Here, the zebrafish telencephalon is studied, since it is a brain area with prominent neurogenesis in adulthood. These zones of adult neurogenesis are homologous to neurogenic zones in the adult mammalian brain^9,10,11.

Abundant neurogenic areas in the zebrafish telencephalon are present due to the existence of radial glia like cells or ependymoglia cells. Ependymoglial cells act as resident adult neural stem cells and are responsible for generation of new neurons in both the intact and regenerating brain^3,5. Lineage tracing experiments have shown that ventricular ependymoglia react to injury, then proliferate and generate new neuroblasts that migrate to the lesion site⁵. Due to the everted nature of zebrafish telencephalon, ependymoglial cells line the ventricular surface and build the ventral ventricular wall. The dorsal ventricular wall is formed by a dorsal ependymal cell layer (Figure 1A). Importantly, zebrafish ependymoglia embody the characteristics of both mammalian radial glia and ependymal cells. Long radial processes are a typical feature of radial glia cells, whereas cellular extensions and tight junctions (as well as their ventricular positions) are typical features of ependymal cells^12,13,14. Therefore, these cells are referred to as ependymoglial cells.

To follow in vivo behavior of single ependymoglial cells during regeneration, they need to be reliably labeled. Various methods of in vivo cell labeling for fluorescent microscopy have been previously described, such as endogenous reporters or lipophilic dyes¹⁵. These methods, in contrast to electroporation, may require longer periods of time and often do not offer the possibility of single cell labeling or permanent long-term tracing. Electroporation, however (besides single cell labeling), offers the possibility of introducing new DNA into the host cell. Moreover, compared to other methods of DNA transfer into the cells, electroporation has been demonstrated to be one of the most efficient methods^16,17,18,19.

Presented here is an electroporation protocol that has been refined for the purpose of labeling single ependymoglial cells in the adult zebrafish telencephalon. This protocol allows for the labelling of single ependymoglial cells in order to follow them over a long-term period²⁰ or to manipulate specific pathways in a cell-autonomous manner^21,22.

Protocol

All animals used in this protocol were kept under standard husbandry conditions, and experiments have been performed according to the handling guidelines and regulations of EU and the Government of Upper Bavaria (AZ 55.2-1-54-2532-0916).

1. Preparation of Plasmid Mixture for Electroporation

1. Dilute the plasmid of interest in sterile water and add fast green stain stock solution [1 mg/mL]. Make sure that the final concentration of the plasmid is  ∼1 µg/µL. Add the stain at a concentration of no more than 3%, as its only purpose is to color the solution and visualize ventricular injection.
2. Once prepared, mix the plasmid solution by pipetting up and down several times or by finger tapping. Store at room temperature (RT) until usage.
   NOTE: For co-electroporation of two plasmids into the same cell, ensure that the concentration of each individual plasmid used in the mixture is at least 0.8 ng/µL with a molar ratio of 1:1 to obtain 80%–90% co-electroporation efficiency.

2. Preparations for Injection and Electroporation Procedure

1. Prepare the glass capillaries (outer diameter 1 mm, inner diameter 0.58 mm) necessary for the injection in the needle pulling apparatus.
2. In order to inject the correct amount of plasmid (see above), pull the capillary at a temperature of 68.5 °C with two light and two heavy weights (see Table of Materials for puller specifications).
   NOTE: In case a different puller is used, calibrate the capillary to deliver the appropriate volume of electroporation mix.
3. Manually set the injection device to an injection pressure of 200 hPa (by turning the Pi knob) and constant pressure of 0 hPa. Manually set the injection time to manual mode and control the pressure with foot pedal.
4. Set the electroporation device to “LV mode” with five pulses at 54–57 V (25 ms each with 1 s intervals). Connect the electrodes to the device.
5. Prepare one fish tank with clean fish water, where the fish will be awakened from anesthesia after the electroporation procedure. Aerate the water by keeping the air stone attached to the air pump for the entire recovery period until the fish is fully awakened.
6. Take a regular kitchen sponge and make a longitudinal cut in the sponge to hold fish into during the injection and electroporation procedure (see previous publication³).
   NOTE: The kitchen sponge should be regularly washed or exchanged in order to remove potential toxic chemicals.
7. Place a small amount of highly conductive multi-purpose ultrasound gel next to the injection and electroporation setup.
   NOTE: This will ensure adequate electrical conductivity, and consequently, distribution of electroporated cells throughout the entire telencephalon.

3. Zebrafish Anesthesia

1. Prior to anesthetization, prepare a stock solution of anesthesia with 0.2% MS222 in distilled water and adjust the pH to 7 with Tris-HCl buffer. Dilute this stock 1:10 (i.e., to 0.02% MS222) using fish water.
2. Anesthetize the fish by keeping them in this working solution until the movement of the body and gills subsides (typically for a couple of minutes).

4. Plasmid Solution Injection

1. Fill the prepared glass capillary with 10 µL of plasmid solution using microloader tips. Avoid the formation of air bubbles inside the capillary.
2. Press Menu/Change Capillary on the injection device. Insert and secure the needle into the needle holder.
3. Under a stereomicroscope with a magnification of 3.2x or 4x, cut only the tip of the capillary using fine-end forceps. Switch the injection device from Change Capillary mode into Inject mode, then apply pressure with a foot pedal to ensure that the plasmid solution is running easily out of the needle and without hindrance.
4. Transfer the fish from the husbandry tank to the container (plastic box) with anesthetic solution. Wait for a few minutes until movement of the gills subsides.
5. Place fish into the pre-wetted sponge with the dorsal side facing up. Perform all the following injection steps under the stereomicroscope to ensure the accuracy of procedure.
6. Using a dissecting micro-knife from stainless steel with 40 mm cutting edge and 0.5 mm thickness, create a small hole in the fish skull at the posterior side of the telencephalon (Figure 1B), just next to the border with optic tectum.
   NOTE: This step should be performed carefully since the hole should be very small and superficial, penetrating solely the skull, to avoid brain damage.
7. Tilt the fish as necessary and orient the tip of the glass capillary towards the skull in the correct angle to facilitate penetration of the capillary tip through the hole.
8. Insert the tip of the capillary through the hole in the skull carefully until it reaches the telencephalic ventricle (see Figure 1B). This will require penetration through the dorsal ependymal cell layer. Be especially careful not to insert the capillary too deeply to avoid contact with the brain tissue. Keep the capillary precisely in between the hemispheres, remaining inside the ventricle just after piercing the dorsal ependymal layer.
   NOTE: This is a very delicate step. Accuracy of this procedure is improved using pigmentation mutant lines such as brassy²⁴, allowing better visualization of glass capillary position during injection.
9. With the capillary tip inside of the ventricle, inject the plasmid solution by applying pressure with the foot pedal for about 10 s, which corresponds to approximately 1 µL of plasmid solution.
   NOTE: If changing the needle puller, capillaries or injector, the system should be calibrated in order to always deliver 1 µL of plasmid solution. Calibration can be performed by measuring the diameter of the plasmid droplet expelled into a mineral oil (e.g., paraffin oil) and subsequently calculating the volume of the droplet. After 10 s of injection, there should be ~1 µL of plasmid liquid expelled into the mineral oil.
10. Confirm success of the previous step by observing the spread of liquid throughout the ventricle.

5. Electroporation

1. Remove the fish from the injection set-up while still holding it in the sponge.
2. Immerse the inner side of the tip of the electrodes in the ultrasound gel.
3. Cover the fish telencephalon with a small amount of ultrasound gel.
4. Position the fish head between the electrodes, placing the positive electrode at the ventral side of the fish’s head and the negative electrode on the dorsal side (Figure 1C), while still holding the fish’s body in the sponge. This sets the direction of the flow of the current necessary to electroporate ependymoglia positioned at subventricular zone.
5. Press the electrodes gently and precisely against the telencephalon (Figure 1C). Administer the current with the foot pedal. Hold the electrodes in place until all five pulses are finished.

6. Fish Recovery

1. Let the fish recover in the previously prepared, continuously aerated tank until it wakes up. Lidocaine gel could be applied on the skull in order to relieve any possibly developed pain.

Results

The described electroporation method allows delivery of plasmid DNA into ependymoglial cells, which are located superficially in the zebrafish telencephalon and just under the dorsal ependymal cell layer (Figure 1A).

If the result of electroporation is positive, labeled single ependymoglial cells (red cells in Figure 2A,B) can be observed among other ependymoglial cells (white in

Discussion

This electroporation protocol is a reliable in vivo method of labelling individual ependymoglial cells. The protocol may need a further adaptation to label other cell types such as neurons or oligodendrocytes. To achieve successful labelling, plasmids containing different promoters can be used. Chicken-beta actin promoter, eF1alpha, CMV and ubiquitin promoter have been previously used to drive the expression of different transgenes in ependymoglia and their progeny²³. However, different kinetics o...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Reagent/Material
Fast Green	Sigma-Aldrich	F7258-25G	For coloring plasmid solution
MS222	Sigma-Aldrich	A5040-25G	MS222 should be stored at RT (up to two weeks) and protected from light
Ultrasound gel	SignaGel, Parker laboratories INC.	15-60	Electrode Gel
Equipment
Air pump	TetraTec APS 50, 10l-60l		Can be bought in the pet shops
BTX Tweezertrodes Electrodes	Platinum Tweezertrode, BTX Harvard Apparatus	45-0486	1 mm diameter
Electroporation device	BTX ECM830 Square Wave Electroporation System, BTX Harvard Apparatus	45-0662
Injection device	FemtoJet 4i, Eppendorf	5252000013
Standard Wall Borosillicate Glass Capillary	Warner Instruments	64-0766	Model No: G100-4
Microloader tips	Eppendorf	5242956003
Micro-knife	Fine Science Tools	10056-12
Joystick micromanipulator	Narishige Japan	MN - 151
Needle holder	FemtoJet 4i, Eppendorf	5252000013	Needle holder comes together with the injection device
Needle pulling device	Narishige Japan	Model No: PC-10	The PC-10 was discontinued by Narishige in 2017 and replaced by the PC-100
Petri dishes	Greiner Bio-One International	633161