Growth of Human and Sheep Corneal Endothelial Cell Layers on Biomaterial Membranes

Summary

This protocol describes the critical steps required to establish and grow corneal endothelial cell cultures from explants of human or sheep tissue. A method for subculturing corneal endothelial cells on membranous biomaterials is also presented.

Abstract

Corneal endothelial cell cultures have a tendency to undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) after loss of cell-to-cell contact. EMT is deleterious for the cells as it reduces their ability to form a mature and functional layer. Here, we present a method for establishing and subculturing human and sheep corneal endothelial cell cultures that minimizes the loss of cell-to-cell contact. Explants of corneal endothelium/Descemet's membrane are taken from donor corneas and placed into tissue culture under conditions that allow the cells to collectively migrate onto the culture surface. Once a culture has been established, the explants are transferred to fresh plates to initiate new cultures. Dispase II is used to gently lift clumps of cells off tissue culture plates for subculturing. Corneal endothelial cell cultures that have been established using this protocol are suitable for transferring to biomaterial membranes to produce tissue-engineered cell layers for transplantation in animal trials. A custom-made device for supporting biomaterial membranes during tissue culture is described and an example of a tissue-engineered graft composed of a layer of corneal endothelial cells and a layer of corneal stromal cells on either side of a collagen type I membrane is presented.

Introduction

The cornea is a transparent tissue that is situated at the front of the eye. It is composed of three major layers: an epithelial layer on the outer surface, a middle stroma layer, and an inner layer called the corneal endothelium. The corneal endothelium is a monolayer of cells that sits on a basement membrane called Descemet's membrane and it maintains the transparency of the cornea by regulating the amount of fluid that enters the stroma from the underlying aqueous humor. Too much fluid within the stroma causes corneal swelling, opacity and vision loss. The endothelium is therefore vital for maintaining vision.

The corneal endothelium....

Protocol

Human corneas with donor consent for research were obtained from the Queensland Eye Bank and used with ethics approval from the Metro South Hospital and Health Service's Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC/07/QPAH/048). Sheep corneas were obtained from euthanized animals at the Herston Medical Research Facility of the University of Queensland under a tissue sharing agreement.

1. Preparation of dissection tools

1. Sterilize two pairs of number 4 watchmaker forceps by either soaking them in a solution of 70% ethanol for 5 min or by autoclaving them.

2. Preparation of culture medium and tissue cu....

Results

The method for isolating and expanding corneal endothelial cells from human or sheep corneas is summarized in Figure 1 and Figure 2. Most explants that are derived from the corneas of 1 to 2-year-old sheep or human donors of less than 30 years of age will attach to Attachment Factor-coated tissue culture plates within a week, however, it is not unusual to find that up to one third of explants fail to attach within this time. These 'floating' explants can be remo.......

Discussion

A significant technical challenge associated with establishing and expanding human corneal endothelial cells is preventing EMT from occurring in the cultures. EMT can be triggered in corneal endothelial cells by loss of cell-to-cell contact, yet most cell culture protocols for these cells involve enzymatic dissociation to single cells during isolation and subculture¹⁰. Here we present an alternative cell culture protocol for corneal endothelial cells that minimizes the risk of cells losing contact.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Attachment factor	Gibco	S006100	A 1X sterile solution containing gelatin that is used to coat tissue culture surfaces. Store at 4 °C.
Bovine pituitary extract	Gibco	13028014	A single vial contains 25 mg. Freeze in aliquots.
Calcium chloride	Merck	C5670	Dissolve in HBSS to make a 1 mM stock solution. Filter sterilise.
Centrifuge tube, 50 ml	Labtek	650.550.050
Chondroitin sulphate	LKT Laboratories	C2960	This is bovine chondroitin sulphate. Dissolve in HBSS to make a 0.08 g/mL stock solution. Filter sterilise and freeze in aliquots.
Dispase II	Gibco	17105-041	Dissolve in DPBS to make a 2 mg/mL stock solution. Filter sterilise and freeze in aliquots.
Ethanol	Labtek	EA043	100% undenatured ethanol should be diluted to 70% in deionised water for sterilising instruments and surfaces.
Foetal bovine serum	GE Healthcare Australia Pty Ltd	SH30084.03	This is a HyClone brand of foetal bovine serum.
Coverglass No. 1, Ø 13 mm	Proscitech	G401-13	Place sterilised cover slips into 24-well plates for tissue culture.
HBSS	Gibco	14025-092	Hank's balanced salt solution, 1X, containing calcium chloride and magnesium chloride.
L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate	Merck	A8960	Dissolve in HBSS to make a 150 mM stock solution. Filter sterilise.
Micro-Boyden chamber	CNC Components Pty. Ltd.	Upper ring: QUT-0002-0006, Base ring: QUT-0002-0007	Both components are made from polytetrafluoroethelyne (PTFE).
O-ring for micro-Boyden chamber	Ludowici Sealing Solutions	RSB012	Composed of silicon rubber.
Opti-MEM 1 (1X) + GlutaMAX-1	Gibco	51985-034	A reduced serum medium containing glutamine.
DPBS	Gibco	14190-144	Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline, 1X, without calcium chloride and magnesium chloride.
Pen Strep	Gibco	15140-122	A 100X antibiotic solution containing 10,000 Units/mL penicillin and 10,000 µg/mL streptomycin.
Petri dish	Sarstedt	82.14473.001	Sterile Petri dish, 92 X 16 mm, for tissue dissections.
Tissue culture plate, 24 well	Corning Incorporated	Costar 3524	A plate containing 24 wells, each with a surface area of 2 cm2.
Tissue culture plate, 6 well	Corning Incorporated	Costar 3516	A plate containing 6 wells, each with a surface area of 9 cm2.
TrypLE Select	Gibco	12563-011	A 1X enzyme solution for dissociating cells.
Versene	Gibco	15040-066	A 1X EDTA solution for dissociating cells.
Watchmaker forceps	Labtek	BWMF4	Number 4 watchmaker forceps work well for removing strips of endothelium/Descemet's membrane from corneas.