Non-Radioactive In Vitro Cardiac Myosin Light Chain Kinase Assays

Summary

This study describes protocols for nonradiometric methods, a bioluminescent ADP detection assay and a phosphate-affinity SDS-PAGE, to determine the kinase activity of cardiac myosin light chain kinase (cMLCK) and the phosphorylation level of its substrate, myosin regulatory light chain (MLC2v).

Abstract

Cardiac-specific myosin regulatory light chain kinase (cMLCK) regulates cardiac sarcomere structure and contractility by phosphorylating the ventricular isoform of the myosin regulatory light chain (MLC2v). MLC2v phosphorylation levels are significantly reduced in failing hearts, indicating the clinical importance of assessing the activity of cMLCK and the phosphorylation level of MLC2v to elucidate the pathogenesis of heart failure. This paper describes nonradioactive methods to assess both the activity of cMLCK and MLC2v phosphorylation levels. In vitro kinase reactions are performed using recombinant cMLCK with recombinant calmodulin and MLC2v in the presence of ATP and calcium at 25 °C, which are followed by either a bioluminescent ADP detection assay or a phosphate-affinity SDS-PAGE. In the representative study, the bioluminescent ADP detection assay showed a strict linear increase of the signal at cMLCK concentrations between 1.25 nM to 25 nM. Phosphate-affinity SDS-PAGE also showed a linear increase of phosphorylated MLC2v in the same cMLCK concentration range. Next, the time-dependency of the reactions was examined at the concentration of 5 nM cMLCK. A bioluminescent ADP detection assay showed a linear increase in the signal during 90 min of the reaction. Similarly, phosphate-affinity SDS-PAGE showed a time-dependent increase of phosphorylated MLC2v. The biochemical parameters of cMLCK for MLC2v were determined by a Michaelis-Menten plot using the bioluminescent ADP detection assay. The V_max was 1.65 ± 0.10 mol/min/mol kinase and the average K_m was around 0.5 USA µM at 25 °C. Next, the activity of wild type and the dilated cardiomyopathy-associated p.Pro639Valfs*15 mutant cMLCK were measured. The bioluminescent ADP detection assay and phosphate-affinity SDS-PAGE correctly detected defects in cMLCK activity and MLC2v phosphorylation, respectively. In conclusion, a combination of the bioluminescent ADP detection assay and the phosphate-affinity SDS-PAGE is a simple, accurate, safe, low-cost, and flexible method to measure cMLCK activity and the phosphorylation level of MLC2v.

Introduction

The cardiac-specific myosin regulatory light chain kinase (cMLCK) encoded by the MYLK3 gene is the kinase predominantly responsible for maintaining the phosphorylation of cardiac ventricular myosin regulatory light chain 2 (MLC2v)^1,2. By phosphorylating MLC2v at Ser-15, cMLCK promotes sarcomere organization¹ and potentiates cardiac contractility^2,3 as a result of increasing cross-bridge formation and therefore an increase in the lever-arm stiffness of myosin II⁴. Defects in cMLCK activity or reduced levels of MLC2v phosphorylation contribute to the development of heart failure in animal models^3,5,6. Thus, cMLCK activity plays critical roles in cardiac contractility in both physiological and pathological conditions by regulating the phosphorylation level of MLC2v.

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by systolic dysfunction and an enlarged left ventricular chamber size and is a major cause of congestive heart failure and heart transplantations. So far more than 40 genes have been identified as DCM-causing mutations⁷. Recently, a novel DCM-associated MYLK3 mutation (p.Pro639Valfs*15) was identified that completely abolishes kinase activity due to truncation of the cMLCK protein at the middle portion of its catalytic domain⁸. Two cases of familial DCM-associated mutations in MYLK3 showing depressed or abolished cMLCK activity have also been reported⁹. Thus, depressed or abolished cMLCK activity in familial DCM may contribute to the development of the disease by decreasing MLC2v phosphorylation levels. MLC2v phosphorylation levels are also significantly reduced in failing human hearts even without mutations in MYLK3^10,11. Thus, the reduction of the MLC2v phosphorylation levels seems to be common in human heart failure, indicating that the assessment of cMLCK activity and MLC2v phosphorylation levels is clinically important. It is necessary to explain how the reduced MLC2v phosphorylation levels contribute to depressed cardiac contractility. Accordingly, assays that measure cMLCK activity and MLC2v phosphorylation levels are extremely important for elucidating the pathogenesis of heart failure.

The classical method for measuring cMLCK activity is a radiometric-based assay that quantifies the incorporation of [γ-³²P] from radioactively labelled ATP into MLC2v². However, due to its hazardous nature it requires special safety and environmental considerations, and the cost of waste disposal is high. In addition, the short half-life of³² Prestricts the flexibility of the radiometric assay. To overcome these drawbacks, alternative nonradiometric protein kinase assay techniques have been developed¹². The bioluminescent ADP detection assay developed by Promega Corporation measures ADP generated by the protein kinase reaction without using radioisotopes¹³. It shows comparable results to the radiometric assay for protein kinases with varying levels of activity¹³. Because the bioluminescent ADP detection assay measures ADP produced by a kinase reaction, phosphate-affinity SDS-PAGE in parallel with bioluminescent ADP detection assay was used to verify whether MLC2v is actually phosphorylated. Phosphate-affinity SDS-PAGE is a phosphate-affinity electrophoresis technique that can detect changes in the mobility of phosphorylated substrate proteins compared to their nonphosphorylated counterparts¹⁴.

This article describes protocols for measuring the activity of cMLCK and the phosphorylation level of its substrate, MLC2v, using nonradioactive methods. After performing an in vitro kinase reaction, both the bioluminescent ADP detection assay and phosphate-affinity SDS-PAGE are employed to calculate biochemical values of MLCK and the phosphorylation level of MCL2v, respectively. Overall, a protocol combining the two nonradioactive kinase assays is valuable for the study of kinases.

Protocol

1. Cloning and purification of recombinant wild type and DCM-associated mutant cMLCK

1. Cloning of recombinant cardiac myosin light chain kinase into plasmid
   1. Design a continuous nucleotide sequence to represent the final plasmid.
   2. Amplify a DNA fragment coding human MYLK3 (NM_1829493.3) using a standard PCR method. The primer sequences are as follows:
      Forward primer: 5’- CACCATGTCAGGAACCTCCAAGGAGAGTCTGGGG -3’
      Reverse primer: 5’- TTAGGGAGAAGTTGGAAATTTCCTTAACCT -3’
      The melting temperature is 60 °C.
      NOTE: The single-stranded overhang sequence (CACC) is necessary to ligate to the TOPO cloning vector.
   3. Introduce a DCM-associated mutant construct by primer-derived mutagenesis. The primer sequences are as follows:
      Forward primer: 5’- GTACAAGCCTCGAGAGAAGCTGAAGGTGAAC -3’
      Reverse primer: 5’- CTTGAGGTCCAGGTGCAGGATGTAGTGCTGGT -3’
      The melting temperature is 60 °C.
   4. Run a 0.8% agarose gel at 135 V for 20 min, and cut out the bands corresponding to the PCR products. Then extract and purify the PCR products using a gel extraction kit (see Materials) following the manufacturer’s instructions.
   5. Perform a TOPO cloning reaction following the manufacturer’s instructions (see Materials) and transform Escherichia coli (pENTR/cMLCK WT, mutant vector).
   6. Confirm the correct sequence by PCR using the following universal M13 primers. The primer sequences are as follows:
      Forward primer: 5’- GTAAAACGACGGCCAGT -3’
      Reverse primer: 5’- GTCATAGCTGTTTCCTG -3’
   7. Incorporate a FLAG-tag into the pENTR/cMLCK vector and perform a LR recombination reaction between MYLK3 and a GateWay destination vector (i.e., pEF-DEST51) following the manufacturer’s instructions (pEF-DEST51/FLAG-cMLCK WT, mutant).
2. Cell culture and transfection into HEK293T cells
   1. Seed a 100 mm dish with 7.5 x 10⁶ HEK293T cells and culture with DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin-streptomycin. Incubate at 37 °C in 5% CO₂ for 24 h.
   2. Prepare the Lipofection reagent/DNA mix for transfection into HEK293T cells by mixing 10 µg of plasmid DNA in 500 µL of MEM (see Table of Materials). At the same time, prepare the mixture by adding 20 µL of Lipofectamine 2000 in 500 µL of MEM.
   3. Incubate for 5 min at room temperature (RT), then mix the Lipofectamine-DNA solution.
   4. Incubate for 20 min at RT, then add 1 mL of the Lipofectamine-DNA solution to the 100 mm dish.
      NOTE: To avoid detaching the cells, add the lipofection mixture gently.
   5. Incubate the transfected cells for up to 48 h at 37 °C with 5% CO₂.
3. Purification of recombinant cMLCK protein
   1. Place the transfected cells on ice and wash 3x with 5 mL of PBS.
   2. Prepare lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 0.15 M NaCl, 1% NP40, 0.5 mM EDTA, 0.5 mM EGTA, and protease inhibitor cocktail, pH = 7.5) and keep on ice.
      NOTE: Add the protease inhibitor cocktail just before the assay.
   3. Add 1 mL of lysis buffer to the cells, use a scraper to harvest cells into a 1.5 mL tube, and incubate on ice for 5 min.
   4. Centrifuge at 20,000 x g for 5 min at 4 °C.
   5. Collect supernatant in a new 1.5 mL tube and incubate with 5 µL of FLAG-M2 agarose for 1 h at 4 °C.
   6. Centrifuge at 1,000 x g for 1 min at 4 °C, then remove the supernatant and wash in FLAG-M2 agarose 3x using washing buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 0.15 M NaCl, 1% NP40, 0.5 mM EDTA, 0.5 mM EGTA, and protease inhibitor cocktail, pH = 7.5).
   7. Elute the binding proteins with elution buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 0.15 M NaCl, 1% NP40, 0.5 mM EDTA, 0.5 mM EGTA, and protease inhibitor cocktail, pH = 7.5) at 4 °C for 30 min.
   8. Centrifuge at 1,000 x g at 4 °C for 3 min and use the supernatant as the recombinant FLAG-tagged proteins.

2. Cloning and purification of recombinant calmodulin

1. Cloning of recombinant calmodulin into the plasmid
   1. Design a continuous nucleotide sequence to represent the final plasmid.
   2. Amplify a DNA fragment coding human calmodulin (CALM1) (NM_006888) using a standard PCR method. The primer sequences are as follows:
      Forward primer: 5’- CACCATGGCTGATCAGCTGACCGAAGAACAGATT -3’
      Reverse primer: 5’- TCATTTTGCAGTCATCATCTGTACGAATTC -3’.
      The melting temperature is 60 °C.
      NOTE: The single-stranded overhang sequences (CACC) are necessary for ligating to the TOPO cloning vector.
   3. Run a 0.8% agarose gel at 135 V for 20 min, and cut the bands corresponding to the PCR products out of the gel. Then extract and purify the PCR products using a gel extraction kit (see Materials) following the manufacturer’s instructions.
   4. Perform the TOPO cloning reaction following the manufacturer’s instructions (see Materials) and transform into E. coli (pENTR/Calmodulin).
   5. Confirm correct sequence by PCR using the following universal M13 primers. The primer sequenced are as follows:
      Forward primer: 5’- GTAAAACGACGGCCAGT -3’
      Reverse primer: 5’- GTCATAGCTGTTTCCTG -3’
   6. Perform the LR recombination reaction between the calmodulin and a GateWay destination vector (pEF-DEST17) following the manufacturer's instructions.
   7. Transform into BL21 (DE3) chemically competent E. coli.
2. Cell culture and induction of expression
   1. Inoculate 5 mL of LB medium containing 100 µg/mL ampicillin with a colony from the transformed E. coli and shake overnight at 37 °C.
   2. Transfer to 200 mL of LB medium containing 100 µg/mL ampicillin and incubate at 37 °C until the culture optical density (600nm) reaches 0.5.
   3. Add arabinose to a final concentration of 0.2% and culture for 3 h at 37 °C.
   4. Centrifuge at 5,000 x g at 4 °C for 10 min and remove the supernatant.
   5. Suspend in 10 mL of BugBuster Master Mix containing EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail and rotate at RT for 20 min.
   6. Centrifuge at 16,000 x g at 4 °C for 10 min.
   7. The resulting supernatant containing the N-terminus His-tagged calmodulin protein was loaded onto a column of TALON Affinity Resin equilibrated with immobilized metal ion chromatography binding buffer.
   8. Elute the bound His-tagged calmodulin protein with elution buffer (50 mM sodium phosphate [pH = 8.0], 0.3 M NaCl, 0.1% CHAPS, and 0.15 M imidazole), then refold and concentrate by centrifugation at 5,000 x g at 4 °C using a centrifugal filter.
   9. The protein concentration was adjusted to 10 μM and the solution kept at -80 °C until use.

3. In vitro kinase assay

NOTE: All steps are performed on ice to prevent the kinase reaction from proceeding. Additionally, the MLCK and substrate solutions are mixed separately to avoid an overly fast reaction.

1. Prepare the following solutions and keep on ice:
   10x kinase buffer (200 mM HEPES, 10 mM CaCl₂, 50 mM MgCl₂, 0.1% Tween 20, pH = 7.5)
   100 mM DTT
   10 mM ATP
   500 nM calmodulin
   100 nM FLAG-tagged cMLCK
   24 µM His-tagged MLC2v
   NOTE: Recombinant proteins are diluted using 1x kinase buffer according to the indicated concentrations.
2. Prepare 100 µL of the cMLCK master solution on ice in 1.5 mL tubes using the following ingredients:
   10 µL of 10x kinase buffer
   20 µL of 100 nM cMLCK
   20 µL of 5 µM calmodulin
   8 µL of 100 mM DTT
   42 µL of H₂O
   NOTE: Each sample is diluted with 10x kinase buffer and distilled water and kept on ice.
3. Prepare 30 µL of substrate solution in the 8 strip PCR tube on ice at each MLC2v concentration as described in Table 1. The final MLC2v concentrations are 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 µM.
   NOTE: Recombinant His-tagged MLC2v is diluted with 10x kinase buffer and distilled water. The volume of substrate solution is adjusted to 30 µL by adding water to obtain the appropriate MLC2v concentration.
4. Add 10 µL of the MLCK master solution to achieve a final reaction solution volume of 40 µL. The final concentration of each component in the kinase reaction is 20 mM HEPES, 1 mM CaCl₂, 5 mM MgCl₂, 0.01% Tween 20, 2 mM DTT, 150 μM ATP, 5 nM cMLCK, 250 nM calmodulin, and 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, or 12 μM MLC2v (pH = 7.5).
5. Mix well and spin down.
6. Incubate the reaction samples at 25 °C for the indicated time.
7. After incubation, measure kinase activity by phosphate-affinity SDS-PAGE or bioluminescent ADP detection assay.

4. Phosphate-affinity SDS-PAGE

NOTE: Phosphate-affinity SDS-PAGE was performed according to the manufacturer’s protocol (see Table of Materials).

1. Pour the gel for phosphate-affinity SDS-PAGE.
   1. Mix stacking gel solutions as follows: 12% wt/vol acrylamide, 0.1% wt/vol SDS, 125 mM Tris-HCl (pH = 6.8), 0.1% wt/vol ammonium persulfate, and 0.5% vol/vol N, N, N’, N’- tetramethylethylenediamine.
   2. Mix resolving gel solutions as follows: 12% wt/vol acrylamide, 30 µM Phos-tag acrylamide, 60 µM MnCl₂, 0.1% wt/vol SDS, 375 mM Tris-HCl (pH = 8.8), 0.05% wt/vol ammonium persulfate, and 0.25% vol/vol N, N, N’, N’- tetramethylethylenediamine.
2. Prepare sample for electrophoresis.
   1. Add and mix 1 mM MnCl₂ to the sample from the in vitro kinase reaction.
3. Perform electrophoresis and Western blotting.
   1. Run the gel at 150 V for 80 min in running buffer (0.1% wt/vol SDS, 25 mM Tris, and 192 mM glycine).
   2. After electrophoresis, soak the gel in EDTA (+) transfer buffer (10 mM EDTA, 50 mM Tris, 380 mM glycine, 0.000375% wt/vol SDS, and 20% wt/vol ethanol) for 10 min and then in transfer buffer for 10 min.
   3. Transfer proteins to PVDF membrane at 15 V for 30 min in transfer buffer.
   4. Rock the membrane continuously with non-fat dry milk for 30 min in RT. After blocking, wash the membrane 3x with TTBS (50 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 0.001% Tween).
   5. Soak the membrane with the primary antibody (anti-MLC2v, 1:4,000; Abcam ab92721) overnight at 4 °C.
   6. Wash the membrane 3x with TTBS (50 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, and 0.001% Tween).
   7. Soak the membrane with the secondary antibody (HRP-coupled goat anti-rabbit 1:8,000; Cappel, #55696) for 1 h at RT.
   8. Wash the membrane 3x with TTBS.
4. Detect and analyze proteins on the membrane.
   1. Add ECL (Enhanced Chemi Luminescence reagent) detection reagent to the membrane for 1 min at RT.
   2. Detect the proteins on the membrane using a LAS-4000 at the optimal time.
   3. Quantify the phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated MLC2v, subtracting the background densitometry using ImageQuant TL software.

5. Bioluminescent ADP detection assay

NOTE: The bioluminescent ADP detection assay was performed according to the manufacturer’s protocol.

1. Stop the kinase reaction by adding 40 µL of ATP depletion reagent into the kinase assay reaction solution. Mix well and incubate for 30 min at RT.
2. Add 80 µL of ADP detection reagent. Mix well and incubate for 30 min at RT.
3. Measure the luminescence using a luminometer with a suggested maximum integration time of 0.5 s per well.
4. Convert the luminescence intensity to ADP concentration using a calibration curve.
5. Calculate the amount of phosphates used for MLC2v phosphorylation.
   NOTE: The total ADP produced during the kinase reaction is measured as described above. Background ADP, including cMLCK autophosphorylation, is measured based on a reaction without MLC2v, and the amount of ADP used for MLC2v phosphorylation is assessed by subtracting background ADP from total ADP.

6. Data Analysis

1. Fit data to the Michalis-Menten equation using appropriate data analysis software. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.

Results

The classical method for measuring kinase activity is a radiometric-based assay that quantifies the radiolabeled phosphate incorporated into the kinase substrate. For the method presented here, a nonradioactive, in vitro cMLCK kinase assay using purified wild type cMLCK (Figure 1A), MLC2v, and calmodulin was developed (Figure 1B), and kinase activity was determined using a bioluminescent ADP detection assay. For the experiments used to establish the cMLCK assay,...

Discussion

The present study was undertaken to assess whether the combination of nonradioactive methods, the bioluminescent ADP detection assay and the phosphate-affinity SDS-PAGE could successfully be used to determine the activity of cMLCK. It is essential to perform the kinase reactions under the optimal temperature and reaction time. Increasing either of these will rapidly and strongly promote the enzyme reaction. In the present study, the in vitro kinase reaction was performed with 5 nM of cMLCK at 25 °C, which ensured si...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
30% acrylamide/Bis solution	Bio-Rad	1610156	Store at 4ºC
acrylamide	Bio-Rad	1610156	Store at 4ºC
Amicon Ultra-15	Merck	UFC901008
ammonium persulfate	Wako	019-03435
ampicillin sodium	Wako	014-23302	Store at -20ºC
BugBuster	Milipore	71456-4	Store at 4ºC
CaCl2	Wako	031-00435
CHAPS	Dojindo	349-04722	Store at 4ºC
chemiluminescence imaging analyzer TriStar2	CBERTHOLD TECHNOLOGIES	LB942-A
dithiothreitol	Wako	047-08973	Store at -20ºC
ECL (Enhanced Chemi Luminescence) reagent	GE Healthcare	RPN2106	Mix reagent 1 and reagent 2 in equal amounts
EDTA	DOJINDO	345-01865
Ethanol	Wako	057-00456
FBS	Sigma-Aldrich	172012-500ML	Store at -20ºC
FLAG agarose	Merck	A2220	Store at -20ºC
FLAG peptide	Merck	F3290-4MG	Store at 4ºC
GateWay pEF-DEST51 Vector	Invitrogen	12285011	Store at -20ºC
glycine	Sigma-Aldrich	12-1210-5
HEPES	Dojindo	342-01375
Igepal CA-630 (NP40)	Sigma-Aldrich	13021-500ML
Imiadasole	Wako	095-00015
L-(+)-Arabinose	Sigma-Aldrich	A3256-25G	Store at -20ºC
LAS-4000	GE Healthcare	28955810
LB	Merck	WM841485 824
Lipofectamine 2000	Invitrogen	11668-019
Manganase (II) Chloride Tetrahydrate	Wako	134-15302
MgCl2	nacalai-tesque	20909-42
N, N, N’, N’- tetramethylethylenediamin	Wako	110-18-9
NaCl	Wako	191-01665
OneShot BL21 AI	Invitrogen	44-0184	Store at -80ºC
OptiMEM	gibco	31985-070	Store at 4ºC
PBS	NISSUI PHARMACEUTICAL	5913	Store at 4ºC
penicillin streptmycin	gibco	15140-122	Store at -20ºC
pENTR/D-TOPO Cloning Kit	Invitrogen	K240020	Store at -20ºC
Phos-tag Acrylamide	Wako	AAL-107	Store at 4ºC
Promega ADP-Glo	Promega	V9104	Store at -20ºC
protease inhibitor cock-tail	nacalai-tesque	25955-11
PVDF membrane	Merck	IPVH00010	Pore size : 0.45 μm
QIAEX II Gel Extraction Kit (150)	QIAGEN	20021
SDS	Wako	191-07145
sodium phosphate	Wako	192-02815
TALON affinity resin	TaKaRa	635504	Store at 4ºC
Tris	Sigma-Aldrich	T1503-1KG
Tween 20	Wako	167-11515	Store at 4ºC
Ultra Pure Agarose	Invitrogen	16500-500
Ultra Pure ATP, 100mM	Promega	V703B-C	Store at -20ºC
Urea	Sigma-Aldrich	U0631-1KG