Evaluating the Angiogenetic Properties of Ovarian Cancer Stem-Like Cells using the Three-Dimensional Co-Culture System, NICO-1

Summary

Ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSC) are responsible for cancer initiation, recurrence, therapeutic resistance, and metastasis. The OCSC vascular niche is considered to promote self-renewal of OCSCs, leading to chemoresistance. This protocol provides the basis for establishing a reproducible OCSC vascular niche model in vitro.

Abstract

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) reside in a supportive niche, constituting a microenvironment comprised of adjacent stromal cells, vessels, and extracellular matrix. The ability of CSCs to participate in the development of endothelium constitutes an important characteristic that directly contributes to the general understanding of the mechanisms of tumorigenesis and tumor metastasis. The purpose of this work is to establish a reproducible methodology to investigate the tumor-initiation capability of ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSCs). Herein, we examined the neovascularization mechanism between endothelial cells and OCSCs along with the morphological changes of endothelial cells using the in vitro co-culture model NICO-1. This protocol allows visualization of the neovascularization step surrounding the OCSCs in a time course manner. The technique can provide insight regarding the angiogenetic properties of OCSCs in tumor metastasis.

Introduction

Ovarian cancer is the eighth most common malignancy in women worldwide, with approximately 300,000 new diagnoses and an estimated 180,000 deaths annually¹. At initial diagnosis, ovarian cancer often presents with severe symptoms, with about 75% of patients already at stage III-IV. Accordingly, the 5-year survival rate is <30% and the mortality rate is the highest among gynecological cancers², with the efficiency of treatment for ovarian cancer being highly dependent on clinical factors such as the successful accomplishment of debulking surgery, resistance to chemotherapy, and recurrence after the initial therapy.

Ovarian cancer tissues are hierarchically organized, with not all tumor components being equally capable of generating descendants. The only cells able to self-renew and produce a heterogeneous tumor cell population are considered to represent cancer stem cells (CSCs)³. CSC self-renewal and tumor initiation are accompanied by the promotion of angiogenesis to remodel their tumor microenvironment for the purpose of maintaining a supportive niche. However, previous models could not be utilized for in vitro analyses because of the limited reproducibility of cultivating CSCs derived from clinical samples owing to the disruption of spheroids after multiple passaging. More recently, experimental methods to cultivate CSCs from patients have been developed for several applications^4,5,6,7. In particular, by exploiting the characteristic of CSCs to grow by forming spheroids in ultra-low attachment plates with serum-free medium, the cultivated CSCs are induced to express a stem-cell surface marker that is not expressed in normal tumor cells with multilineage differentiation potential^8,9.

Recent data have shown that the persistence of dormant ovarian (O)CSCs visualized as dissemination at the peritoneum is associated with their regeneration as recurrent tumors¹⁰. Understanding the molecular and biological features of OCSCs may thus allow for effective targeting and eradication of these cells, resulting in potential tumor remission. In particular, little is known regarding the cellular and molecular mechanistic features of CSCs roles in angiogenesis¹¹. Therefore, in the present protocol we used patient-derived OCSCs in an in vitro setting to investigate the angiogenic property of endothelial cells using the co-culture model, which may mimic the tumor microenvironment of CSCs and endothelial cells at the metastatic site in the clinical setting. Ultimately, as neovascularization constitutes a critical process necessary to support tumor growth and metastasis, a better understanding of its mechanism will allow the development of a novel targeting therapy for OCSCs at the metastatic site.

Here, we present a protocol to visualize the neovascularization step surrounding the CSCs in a time course manner. The advantage of the protocol includes allowing fully reproducible investigations using the 3D co-culture system, NICO-1, thereby permitting observation of the effects on patients of the OCSC-derived tumor-initiation capability during endothelial cell angiogenesis.

Protocol

All procedures were performed under the protocol approved by the Ethics Committee for human welfare. All patients provided written informed consent for the research use of their samples, and the collection and use of tissues for this study were approved by the Human Genome, Gene Analysis Research Ethics Committee at Teikyo University.

1. Isolation and culture of ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSCs) from Patients with ovarian cancer and ascites in a level 2 biosafety cabinet

1. Isolate cancer stem cells from human ovarian cancer ascites obtained via paracentesis. Collect at least 100-250 mL of ascites from patients to take enough number of cancer stem cells. Additionally, evaluate the expression profiles of cancer stem cell markers (i.e., EpCAM, Calretinin, CD133, CD44, CD45, ALDH1, and Oct4) and ovarian cancer markers (pAX-8, WT-1) by flow cytometry.
   1. Centrifuge the human ovarian cancer ascites at 300 x g for 10 min at room temperature within 24 h after ascites aspiration.
   2. Remove the supernatant and add 2 mL of OCSC medium and 8 mL of 30% Histodenz/phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) solution.
   3. Prepare OCSC medium: StemPro hESC supplement, DMEM⁄F-12 with L-glutamine (GlutaMAX medium), 25% BSA, 100 µM 2-mercaptoethanol, 8 ng/mL FGF BASIC, 10 µM insulin, and 20 µM Y-27632.
   4. Carefully overlay 2 mL of OCSC medium to the cell solution in step 1.1.2 in a 15 mL tube and centrifuge at 450 x g for 20 min at room temperature in a swinging-bucket rotor without braking.
   5. Carefully transfer the OCSC layer (undisturbed at the interphase) to a new 15 mL tube by transfer pipet.
   6. Fill with PBS up to 15 mL. Centrifuge at 300 x g for 5 min at room temperature and remove the supernatant.
   7. Resuspend the cell pellet in OCSC medium and seed on an ultra-low-attachment culture dish; cultures should be maintained at 37 °C in 5% CO₂.
   8. Change the medium every three days. Carefully stand the culture dish for about 1 minutes, and discard part of the supernatant and add the new medium.
2. Passage of CSCs
   1. Collect OCSCs in a 15 mL tube and centrifuge at 200 x g for 5 min at room temperature.
   2. Remove the supernatant, fill with PBS, and centrifuge at 200 x g for 5 min at room temperature.
   3. Remove the supernatant, add 1 mL of the cell detachment solution consisting of proteolytic and collagenolytic enzymes (e.g., AccuMax), and incubate at 37 °C for 10 min.
   4. Mix well by pipetting and incubate at 37 °C for 5 min. Ensure cells are in a single suspension.
   5. Mix well by pipetting, fill with PBS, and centrifuge at 300 x g for 5 min at room temperature.
   6. Remove the supernatant and resuspend the cell pellet in OCSC medium for subsequent seeding on ultra-low-attachment culture dishes and maintenance at 37 °C in 5% CO₂.

2. HUEhT-1 endothelial cell culture

1. Passage of HUEhT-1 cells
   1. Remove medium from the HUEhT-1 culture dish and wash the cells with PBS.
   2. Add 1 mL of 0.025% trypsin and incubate for 3 min at room temperature.
   3. Add 5 mL of Endothelial Cell Growth Medium 2, collect cells in a 15 mL tube, and centrifuge at 200 x g for 5 min at room temperature.
   4. Remove the supernatant, resuspend the cell pellet in HUEhT-1 medium, and seed the cells on collagen-coated culture dishes followed by maintenance at 37 °C in 5% CO₂.
   5. Change the medium every three days.

3. Preparation of the NICO-1 Coculture Plate for tube formation assay using HUEhT-1 cells

1. Assemble NICO-1 and coating with the extracellular matrix-based hydrogel (Matrigel Matrix).
   1. Assemble one side of NICO-1 following the manufacturer's instructions and keep on ice.
   2. Cover the surface of NICO-1 with 300 μL of cold PBS and then remove the buffer.
   3. Add 300 μL of chilled extracellular matrix-based hydrogel and incubate at 37 °C for 60 min.
   4. To equilibrate, immerse the filter with 100% ethanol, then wash a 13 mm ICCP Filter (0.6 µm) with PBS for 1 min.
   5. Assemble the NICO-1 including both main body parts A (right chamber) and B (left chamber) along with the O ring and equilibrated filter.

4. Seeding HUEhT-1 Cells and CSCs onto the NICO-1 system

1. Prepare HUEhT-1 cell suspensions by trypsinizing the cell monolayers and resuspending the cells in endothelial cell growth medium with 2% fetal calf serum.
2. Add 1.2 mL of the cell suspension (1.5 x 10⁵ cells) to each extracellular matrix-based hydrogel-coated well.
3. Add 1.5 mL of OCSCs cultured for five days to the other well.
4. Incubate NICO-1 at 37 °C in 5% CO₂; tube formation can be observed under the microscope and network formation on extracellular matrix-based hydrogel measured by means of the number of branches.

Results

We collected ascites fluids obtained from patients with advanced ovarian cancer during surgery or paracentesis for the purpose of performing a long-term stable culture for spheroids. Here, we present cases of a long-term spheroid culture of ovarian CSCs termed CSC1 and CSC2. Both cell lines carry the same diagnosis and histological profiles. The mechanistic roles of OCSCs underlying the interaction with endothelial cells necessary to induce the neovascularization of endothelial cells surr...

Discussion

The presented protocol describes how to mimic the tumor microenvironment of OCSCs in an in vitro setting. The primary component of the method constitutes the highly reproducible coculture model obtained using the NICO-1 system, an indirect Transwell co-culture system. Many of the currently available coculture models examine the effects of direct cell-cell contact on cocultured cell populations^12,13,14,

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.025% Trypsin	Thermo	R001100
10 mL Pipet	Thermo	170356N
1250 µL Pipet tip	QSP	T112XLRS-Q
15 mL tube	Nunc	339650
200 µL Pipet tip	QSP	T110RS-NEW
2-Mercaptoethanol	Thermo (Gibco)	21985023
5 mL Pipet	Thermo	170366N
50 mL tube	Corning	430290
AccuMAX	Innovative Cell Technologies	AM105
BioCoatTM Collagen I 60mm Dish	Corning	356401
Centrifuge	KUBOTA	2800
Costar 6 Well Clear Flat Bottom Ultra Low Attachment Multiple Well Plates	Corning	3471
Endothelial Cell Growth Medium 2	PromoCell	C-22011
Ethanol	WAKO	057-00456
FGF-Basic	Thermo (Gibco)	PHG0021
Histodenz	SIGMA	D2158
HUEhT-1 cell	JCRB Cell Bank	JCRB1458
ICCP Filter 0.6 µm	Ginrei Lab.	2525-06
Insulin, human	SIGMA (Roche)	11376497001
Luminometer	PerkinElmer	ARVO MX-flad
Matrigel Matrix	Corning	356234
Microscope	Yokogawa	CQ-1
NICO-1	Ginrei Lab.	2501-02
OptiPlate-96	PerkinElmer	6005290
P1000 Pipet	Gilson	F123602
P200 Pipet	Gilson	F123601
PBS	Thermo (Gibco)	14190-144
StemPro hESC SFM	Thermo (Gibco)	A1000701
Transfer Pipet	FALCON	357575
Y-27632	WAKO	253-00513