Immunohistochemistry staining and 16S ribosomal RNA gene (16S rRNA gene) sequencing were performed in order to discover and distinguish bacteria in cancerous and noncancerous ovarian tissues in situ. The compositional and functional differences of the bacteria were predicted by using BugBase and Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt).
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Method Article
Characterization and Functional Prediction of Bacteria in Ovarian Tissues
* These authors contributed equally
In This Article
Summary
Abstract
The theory of a "sterile" female upper reproductive tract has been encountering increasing opposition due to advancements in bacterial detection. However, whether ovaries contain bacteria has not yet been confirmed yet. Herein, an experiment to detect bacteria in ovarian tissues was introduced. We chose ovarian cancer patients in the cancer group and noncancerous patients in the control group. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to differentiate bacteria in ovarian tissues from the cancer and control groups. Furthermore, we predicted the functional composition of the identified bacteria by using BugBase and PICRUSt. This method can also be used in other viscera and tissues since many organs have been proven to harbor bacteria in recent years. The presence of bacteria in viscera and tissues may help scientists evaluate cancerous and normal tissues and may be aid in the treatment of cancer.
Introduction
Recently, an increasing number of articles have been published that prove the existence of bacteria in abdominal solid viscera, such as the kidney, spleen, liver, and ovary1,2. Geller et al. found bacteria in pancreatic tumors, and these bacteria were resistant to gemcitabine, a chemotherapeutic drug2. S. Manfredo Vieira et al. concluded that Enterococcus gallinarum was portable to the lymph nodes, liver and spleen, and it could drive autoimmunity3.
Since the cervix plays a role as a defender, bacteria in the....
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Protocol
This study was approved by the Medical Institutional Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University (No. XJTUIAF2018LSK-139). Informed consent was obtained from all enrolled patients.
1. Criteria for entering the cancer group and the control group
- For the cancer group, enroll patients who are primarily diagnosed with ovarian cancer, and after laparotomy, they are proven to have serous ovarian cancer by pathological findings.
- For the control group, enroll patients that are primarily diagnosed with uterine myoma or uterine adenomyosis, without presenting any ovarian co....
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Results
Patients
A total of 16 qualified patients were included in the study. The control group included 10 women with a diagnosis of benign uterine tumor (among them, 3 patients were diagnosed with uterine myoma, and 7 patients were diagnosed with uterine adenomyosis). Meanwhile, the cancer group contained 6 women with a diagnosis of serous ovarian cancer (among them, 2 patients were diagnosed with stage II, and 2 of them were diagnosed with stage III). The following characteristics showed no differences be.......
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Discussion
Ovarian cancer has a notable influence on women's fertility25. Most ovarian cancer patients are diagnosed at late stages, and the 5-year survival rate is less than 30%18. Confirmation of bacteria in the abdominal solid viscera, including the liver, pancreas and spleen, has been published. The existence of bacteria in the upper female reproductive tract occurs because the cervix is not enclosed2,3,
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Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Clinical Research Award of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China (XJTU1AF-2018-017, XJTU1AF-CRF-2019-002), the Major Basic Research Project of Natural Science of Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Department (2018JM7073, 2017ZDJC-11), the Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Department (2017ZDXM-SF-068, 2019QYPY-138), the Shaanxi Provincial Collaborative Technology Innovation Project (2017XT-026, 2018XT-002), and the Medical Research Project of Xi'an Social Development Guidance Plan (2017117SF/YX011-3). The funders had no role in study design, data co....
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Materials
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2200 TapeStation Software | Agilgent United States | ||
| AmpliSeq for Illumina Library Prep, Indexes, and Accessories | Illumina | ||
| Image-pro plus 7 | Media Cybernetics | ||
| Leica ASP 300S | Leica Biosystems Division of Leica Microsystems | ||
| Leica EG 1150 | Leica Biosystems Division of Leica Microsystems | ||
| Leica RM2235 | Leica Biosystems Division of Leica Microsystems | ||
| LPS Core monoclonal antibody, clone WN1 222-5 | Hycult Biotech | ||
| Mag-Bind RxnPure Plus magnetic beads | Omega Biotek | M1386-00 | |
| Mag-Bind Universal Pathogen 96 Kit | Omega Biotek | M4029-01 | |
| MiSeq | Illumina | SY-410-1003 | |
| Silva database | Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology and Jacobs University | ||
| the QuantiFluor dsDNA System | Promega | E2670 | |
| Trimmomatic | Björn Usadel | ||
| ZytoChem Plus (HRP) Anti-Rabbit (DAB) Kit | Zytomed Systems | HRP008DAB-RB |
References
- Manfredo Vieira, S., et al. Translocation of a gut pathobiont drives autoimmunity in mice and humans. Science. 359 (6380), 1156-1161 (2018).
- Geller, L. T., et al. Potential role of intratumor bacteria in mediating tumor resistanc....
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