Electroporation-Based Genetic Modification of Primary Human Pigment Epithelial Cells Using the Sleeping Beauty Transposon System

Summary

We have developed a protocol to transfect primary human pigment epithelial cells by electroporation with the gene encoding pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) using the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system. Successful transfection was demonstrated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), immunoblotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Abstract

Our increasingly aging society leads to a growing incidence of neurodegenerative diseases. So far, the pathological mechanisms are inadequately understood, thus impeding the establishment of defined treatments. Cell-based additive gene therapies for the increased expression of a protective factor are considered as a promising option to medicate neurodegenerative diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We have developed a method for the stable expression of the gene encoding pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), which is characterized as a neuroprotective and anti-angiogenic protein in the nervous system, into the genome of primary human pigment epithelial (PE) cells using the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system. Primary PE cells were isolated from human donor eyes and maintained in culture. After reaching confluence, 1 x 10⁴ cells were suspended in 11 µL of resuspension buffer and combined with 2 µL of a purified solution containing 30 ng of hyperactive SB (SB100X) transposase plasmid and 470 ng of PEDF transposon plasmid. Genetic modification was carried out with a capillary electroporation system using the following parameters: two pulses with a voltage of 1,100 V and a width of 20 ms. Transfected cells were transferred into culture plates containing medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum; antibiotics and antimycotics were added with the first medium exchange. Successful transfection was demonstrated in independently performed experiments. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) showed the increased expression of the PEDF transgene. PEDF secretion was significantly elevated and remained stable, as evaluated by immunoblotting, and quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). SB100X-mediated transfer allowed for a stable PEDF gene integration into the genome of PE cells and ensured the continuous secretion of PEDF, which is critical for the development of a cell-based gene addition therapy to treat AMD or other retinal degenerative diseases. Moreover, analysis of the integration profile of the PEDF transposon into human PE cells indicated an almost random genomic distribution.

Introduction

Advanced age is described to be the main risk for neurodegenerative diseases. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a polygenic disease leading to severe vision loss in patients older than 60 years of age, belongs to the four most common causes of blindness and vision impairment¹ and is expected to increase to 288 million people in 2040². Dysfunctions of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a single layer of tightly packed cells located between the choriocapillaris and the retinal photoreceptors, contribute to the pathogenesis of AMD. The RPE fulfills multiple tasks that are essential for a normal retinal function

Protocol

Human donor eyes were obtained from the Aachen Cornea Bank of the Department of Ophthalmology (University Hospital RWTH Aachen) after obtaining informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki protocols. Procedures for the collection and use of human samples have been approved by the institutional ethics committee.

1. Isolation of primary human RPE cells

1. Lay out sterile protective clothing and gloves. Place a sterile drape under a laminar flow.
2. Place sterile preparation instruments and other necessary sterile equipment under the laminar flow.
3. Record the receipt of the eye globes, the beginning ....

Results

Cultivation and electroporation of primary human RPE cells
We have shown that seeding of a sufficient number of primary RPE cells of animal origin allows for the cultivation and growth to an integrated monolayer of pigmented, hexagonally shaped cells^36,37,48. Their capability to form tight junctions, to exhibit phagocytic activity, and to express specific marker genes in vitr.......

Discussion

In our project, we aim for the non-viral production of genetically modified primary human RPE cells that continuously overexpress and secrete an effective factor in order to use the transfected cells as long-term therapeutic for the establishment and maintenance of a protective environment. We have established the introduction of the gene encoding PEDF, an ubiquitously expressed multi-functional protein with anti-angiogenic and neuroprotective functions. The protocol described here can be used to stably and reproducibly .......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Isolation of primary human RPE cells
24-Well Cell Culture Plate	Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany	0030722019
Amphotericin B [250 µg/mL] (AmphoB)	Merck, Darmstadt, Germany	A2942
Colibri Forceps	Geuder, Heidelberg, Germany	G-18950
Curved Iris Forceps	Geuder, Heidelberg, Germany	G-18856
Disposable Scalpel (No. 11)	Feather, Osaka, Japan
Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium/Ham’s F-12 Nutrient Mixture (DMEM/F12)	PAN-Biotech, Aidenbach, Germany	P04-41150
Extra Fine Pointed Eye Scissor	Geuder, Heidelberg, Germany	G-19405
Fetal Bovine Serum [0.2 µm Sterile Filtered] (FBS)	PAN-Biotech, Aidenbach, Germany	P40-37500
Glass Pasteur Pipettes	Brand, Wertheim, Germany	747715
Penicillin [10,000 units/mL] and Streptomycin [10 mg/mL] (Pen/Strep)	Merck, Darmstadt, Germany	P0781
Pipette Tips (1000 µL)	Starlab, Hamburg, Germany
Single Channel Pipette (100-1000 µL)	Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
Sterile Drape	Lohmann & Rauscher, Rengsdorf, Germany
Sterile Gauze Compress	Fink-Walter, Merchweiler, Germany	321063
Sterile Gloves	Sempermed, Wien, Austria
Sterile Petri Dish (Falcon 60 mm x 15 mm)	Corning, Corning, NY	351007
Sterile Surgical Gown	Halyard Health, Alpharetta, GA
Straight Iris Forceps	Geuder, Heidelberg, Germany	G-18855
Electroporation of primary human RPE cells
10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.5)
12-Well Cell Culture Plate	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA	150628
24-Well Cell Culture Plate	Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany	0030722019
Amphotericin B [250 µg/mL] (AmphoB)	Merck, Darmstadt, Germany	A2942
Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium/Ham’s F-12 Nutrient Mixture (DMEM/F12)	PAN-Biotech, Aidenbach, Germany	P04-41150
Safe-Lock Microcentrifuge Tubes (1.5 mL)	Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
Fetal Bovine Serum [0.2 µm Sterile Filtered] (FBS)	PAN-Biotech, Aidenbach, Germany	P40-37500
Inverted Microscope	Leica Mikrosysteme, Wetzlar, Germany	Leica DMi8
Microvolume Spectrophotometer (NanoDrop Spectrophotometer)	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA
Capillary Transfection System (Neon Transfection System)	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA	MPK5000
Neon Transfection System 10 µL Kit	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA	MPK1096
Hemocytometer (Neubauer Chamber)	Paul Marienfeld, Lauda-Königshofen, Germany	0640110
PBS Dulbecco w/o Ca2+ w/o Mg2+	Biochrom, Berlin, Germany	L182-50
Penicillin [10,000 units/mL] and Streptomycin [10 mg/mL] (Pen/Strep)	Merck, Darmstadt, Germany	P0781
Pipette Tips (10 µL)	Starlab, Hamburg, Germany
Pipette Tips (1000 µL)	Starlab, Hamburg, Germany
Pipette Tips (200 µL)	Starlab, Hamburg, Germany
Plasmid Maxi Kit	Qiagen, Hilden, Germany	12163
Single Channel Pipette (0.1-10 µL)	Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
Single Channel Pipette (100-1000 µL)	Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
Single Channel Pipette (10-200 µL)	Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
Trypan Blue Solution	Merck, Darmstadt, Germany	T8154
Trypsin-EDTA (0,05 %)	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA	25300054
Analyses of transfected primary human RPE cells
10% SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel
1x Incubation Buffer (50 mM NaH2PO4, 300 mM NaCl, 10 mM imidazole, pH 8.0)
2x SDS Sample Buffer
4x Incubation Buffer (200 mM NaH2PO4, 1.2 M NaCl, 40 mM imidazole, pH 8.0)
Amersham Protran Supported 0.2 µm Nitrocellulose Blotting Membrane	Cytiva, Marlborough, MA	10600015
Amphotericin B [250 µg/mL] (AmphoB)	Merck, Darmstadt, Germany	A2942
Anti-PEDF Antibodies (Rabbit Polyclonal)	BioProducts, Middletown, MD	AB-PEDF1
Anti-Penta-His Antibodies (Mouse Monoclonal)	Qiagen, Hilden, Germany	34660
Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium/Ham’s F-12 Nutrient Mixture (DMEM/F12)	PAN-Biotech, Aidenbach, Germany	P04-41150
Elution Buffer (50 mM NaH2PO4, 300 mM NaCl, 250 mM imidazole, pH 8.0)
Fetal Bovine Serum [0.2 µm Sterile Filtered] (FBS)	PAN-Biotech, Aidenbach, Germany	P40-37500
Hemocytometer (Neubauer Chamber)	Paul Marienfeld, Lauda-Königshofen, Germany	0640110
Horseradish Peroxidase-Conjugated Anti-Mouse Antibodies (Rabbit Polyclonal)	Agilent Dako, Santa Clara, CA	P0260
Horseradish Peroxidase-Conjugated Anti-Rabbit Antibodies (Goat Polyclonal)	Abcam, Cambridge, United Kingdom	ab6721
Human PEDF ELISA Kit	BioProducts, Middletown, MD	PED613
LAS-3000 Imaging System	Fujifilm, Minato, Japan
LightCycler 1.2 Instrument	Roche Life Science, Penzberg, Germany
LightCycler FastStart DNA Master SYBR Green I	Roche Life Science, Penzberg, Germany	12239264001
LightCycler Capillaries (20 μl)	Roche Life Science, Penzberg, Germany	4929292001
Microvolume Spectrophotometer (NanoDrop Spectrophotometer)	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA
Mini-PROTEAN Tetra Cell Casting Module	Bio-Rad Laboratories, Feldkirchen, Germany	1658015
Mini-PROTEAN Tetra Vertical Electrophoresis Cell for Mini Precast Gels, 4-gel	Bio-Rad Laboratories, Feldkirchen, Germany	1658004
Ni-NTA Superflow	Qiagen, Hilden, Germany	30410
PageRuler Prestained Protein Ladder	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA	26616
Penicillin [10,000 units/mL] and Streptomycin [10 mg/mL] (Pen/Strep)	Merck, Darmstadt, Germany	P0781
Pipette Tips (10 µL)	Starlab, Hamburg, Germany
Pipette Tips (1000 µL)	Starlab, Hamburg, Germany
Pipette Tips (200 µL)	Starlab, Hamburg, Germany
PowerPac Basic Power Supply	Bio-Rad Laboratories, Feldkirchen, Germany	1645050
QIAamp DNA Mini Kit	Qiagen, Hilden, Germany	51304
Reverse Transcription System	Promega, Madison, WI	A3500
RNase-Free DNase Set	Qiagen, Hilden, Germany	79254
RNeasy Mini Kit	Qiagen, Hilden, Germany	74104
Rocking Shaker	Cole-Parmer, Staffordshire, United Kingdom	SSM3
Safe-Lock Microcentrifuge Tubes (1.5 mL)	Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
Safe-Lock Microcentrifuge Tubes (2.0 mL)	Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
Single Channel Pipette (0.1-10 µL)	Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
Single Channel Pipette (100-1000 µL)	Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
Single Channel Pipette (10-200 µL)	Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
Trans-Blot Turbo Transfer System	Bio-Rad Laboratories, Feldkirchen, Germany	1704150
Trypan Blue Solution	Merck, Darmstadt, Germany	T8154
Trypsin-EDTA (0,05 %)	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA	25300054