A Rat Model of EcoHIV Brain Infection

Summary

Here, we present a protocol to establish a new rat model of active HIV infection using chimeric HIV (EcoHIV), which is critical for enhancing our understanding of HIV-1 viral reservoirs in the brain and offering a system to study HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and associated comorbidities (i.e., drug abuse).

Abstract

It has been well studied that the EcoHIV infected mouse model is of significant utility in investigating HIV associated neurological complications. Establishment of the EcoHIV infected rat model for studies of drug abuse and neurocognitive disorders, would be beneficial in the study of neuroHIV and HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). In the present study, we demonstrate the successful creation of a rat model of active HIV infection using chimeric HIV (EcoHIV). First, the lentiviral construct of EcoHIV was packaged in cultured 293 FT cells for 48 hours. Then, the conditional medium was concentrated and titered. Next, we performed bilateral stereotaxic injections of the EcoHIV-EGFP into F344/N rat brain tissue. One week after infection, EGFP fluorescence signals were detected in the infected brain tissue, indicating that EcoHIV successfully induces an active HIV infection in rats. In addition, immunostaining for the microglial cell marker, Iba1, was performed. The results indicated that microglia were the predominant cell type harboring EcoHIV. Furthermore, EcoHIV rats exhibited alterations in temporal processing, a potential underlying neurobehavioral mechanism of HAND as well as synaptic dysfunction eight weeks after infection. Collectively, the present study extends the EcoHIV model of HIV-1 infection to the rat offering a valuable biological system to study HIV-1 viral reservoirs in the brain as well as HAND and associated comorbidities such as drug abuse.

Introduction

Biological systems have enhanced our understanding of HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and their underlying neural mechanisms². Determining which biological system is most appropriate for any given study is often dependent upon the question of interest². The limitation of the range of host animal models challenges studies of HIV-1 disease development. To investigate HIV-1 viral replication and pathogenesis, Potash et al.³ created a mouse model of active HIV-1 infection, replacing the coding region of HIV surface envelope glycoprotein, gp120, with ecotropic MLV gp80, which led to successful viral replication in mice⁴. After tail vein injections in chimeric HIV (EcoHIV) mice, many characteristics were observed resembling those of HIV-1 seropositive individuals (e.g., infected lymphocytes and macrophages, targeted for antiviral immune responses, and inflammation^3,5,6).

Although mice and rats are both members of the Muridae, fundamental species differences may influence their suitability for specific experimental questions⁷. Therefore, the extension of the EcoHIV infection model to rats (commonly used in studies of drug abuse and neurocognitive disorders) would be advantageous in the study of neuroHIV. For example, their larger size makes jugular catheter implantation for drug self-administration procedures more practical⁸. Drug self-administration techniques in rats have been utilized to evaluate motivation in HIV-1⁹. Furthermore, many neurocognitive/behavioral tasks were initially designed for rats¹⁰. Here, we report the utilization of stereotaxic injections of EcoHIV in rats to extend the EcoHIV infection model and afford a key opportunity to address novel questions related to neuroHIV and HAND.

Protocol

All animal protocols were reviewed and approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of South Carolina (federal assurance number: D16-00028). Six adult male F344/N rat was pair housed in a controlled environment under a 12/12 light: dark cycle with ad libitum access to food and water. All animals were cared for using guidelines established by the National Institutes of Health in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.

1. Virus packaging in 293 FT cells

1. Culture the 293 FT cells (5×10⁵/mL) in gelatin coated 75 cm² flasks with DMEM plus 10% FBS¹¹. Grow cells at 37 °C to be 50% confluent at transfection.
2. Dilute 22.5 µL of transfection reagent (e.g., Lipofectamine 3000) in 750 µL of medium (e.g., Opti-MEM) in a 1.5 mL micro-centrifuge tube and vortex for 3 s.
3. Dilute 20 µg of EcoHIV plasmid DNA in 750 µL of medium in a 1.5 mL micro-centrifuge tube and mix well.
4. Add diluted DNA into the tube of diluted transfection reagent and mix gently. Incubate for 15 min at room temperature.
5. Add the mixture to 10 mL of prewarmed DMEM medium in 75 cm² flask. Incubate cells for 2 days at 37 °C.
6. Harvest and combine 24 mL of conditional medium from the two flasks that include the packaged lentivirus.
7. Centrifuge all 24 mL of conditional medium at 500 x g for 10 minutes at 4 °C. Transfer the clarified supernatant to a sterile 50 mL tube.
8. Combine 8 mL of Lenti-x concentrator with 24 mL of clarified supernatant (1:3 ratio). Mix by gentle inversion. Incubate mixture at 4 °C for two days.
9. Centrifuge mixture at 1,500 x g for 45 minutes at 4 °C. Carefully remove the supernatant.
10. Gently re-suspend the pellet with 100 µL of 100 mM PBS.
11. Titer virus concentration with a p24 ELISA kit.

2. EcoHIV-EGFP virus stereotaxic surgeries

1. Anesthetize rats using 3% sevoflurane. Proceed to step 2.2 when the rats are not responsive to noxious stimuli and reflexes are absent.
2. Shave the hairs from the brain region and sterilize the skin twice with 70% ethanol and a chlorhexidine-based scrub. Secure the rat in a prone position in the stereotaxic apparatus.
3. Make an incision (5-6 cm) through the skin along the scalp midline.
4. Mark two drilling positions at 0.8 mm lateral, 1.2 mm rostral to bregma. Drill a hole (diameter 0.4 mm) in each skull position.
5. Fill titered EcoHIV lentivirus solution (1.04 × 10⁶ TU/mL) in a 10 µL injection syringe. Secure the syringe to the stereotaxic apparatus.
6. Move down the needle close to the surface of drilling hole. Measure and move 2.5 mm in depth.
7. Infuse 1 µL of virus solution at a rate of 0.2 µL/min. Keep the needle inside of the injection area for 5 min. Slowly move the needle up until it is outside of the rat skull.
8. Suture the skin with a 4-0 silk thread.
9. Sterilize the incision with 70% ethanol once. Subcutaneously inject butorphenol (Dorolex, 0.1 mg/kg body weight).
10. Transfer the rat to a recovery chamber with a heating pad until it wakes up.

3. Visualization of brain sections

NOTE: Wait one to eight weeks after EcoHIV viral infusion.

1. Anesthetize the rat with 5% sevoflurane. Continue to step 3.2 when the rats are not responsive to noxious stimuli and reflexes are absent.
2. Fix the rat in a supine position inside a fume hood.
3. Incise the skin along the thoracic midline. Cut the diaphragm and open the thoracic cavity.
4. Insert a 20 G × 25 mm needle into the left ventricle.
5. Immediately open the right atrium with scissors.
6. Perfuse 50 mL of prechilled 100 mM PBS at a rate of 5 mL/min.
7. Perfuse 100 mL of cold 4% paraformaldehyde at a rate of 5 mL/min.
8. Decapitate the rat, open the scalp and remove the brain.
9. Postfix overnight with 4% paraformaldehyde.
10. Transfer the brain to 40 mL of 30% sucrose in 100 mM PBS in 50 mL tube until the brain floats down to the bottom (about 3 days).
11. Snap freeze the brain in methylbutanol for 2 min at - 80 °C.
12. Secure the brain tissue on a metal platform inside a -20 °C cryostat.
13. Cut 50 µm thick coronal sections using the cryostat.
14. Transfer the brain slices onto glass slides with a fine brush.
15. Mount sections in 0.3 mL of antifade medium and cover with 22 mm 50 mm coverslips.
16. Keep the glass slides in the dark at room temperature till dry.
17. Image the targeted neurons with a confocal microscope using Z-stack based on brain region boundaries and morphological characteristics of neurons.
    NOTE: The confocal microscope settings used were: magnification of 60 X (A/1.4, oil), and a Z-plane interval of 0.15 µm (pinhole size 30 µm; back-projected pinhole radius 167 nm) using a wavelength of 488 nm.

Results

The conditioned medium was collected from lentivirus of EcoHIV-EGFP infected 293FT cells. Next, it was concentrated and titered, then stereotaxically injected into the brain (cortical region) of F344/N rats. Seven days post-injection, rats were sacrificed and images were taken from coronal brain slices ranging from bregma 5.64 mm to bregma -4.68 mm. In Figure 1A, there are significant EcoHIV-EGFP signals throughout the brain, especially in the cortex and the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Furthe...

Discussion

In this protocol, we established an EcoHIV-induced HIV infection model in rats. Specifically, we described a bilateral stereotaxic injection of EcoHIV into the cortex which successfully induced active HIV infection in the rat brain 7 days post-injection. Futhermore, we demonstrate that EcoHIV infection in rats could be a good biological system to study key aspects of HAND. Eight weeks post- EcoHIV infection, rats exhibited significant neurocognitive impairments, which included the alterations in temporal processing and s...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
293FT cells	ThermoFisher Scientific	R70007
Antibiotic-Antimycotic solution	Cellgro	30004CI	100X
Corning BioCoatGelatin 75cm² Rectangular Canted Neck Cell Culture Flask with Vented Cap	Life Technologies	354488
Corning DMEM with L-Glutamine, 4.5 g/L Glucose and Sodium Pyruvate	Life Technologies	10013CV
Cover glass	VWR	637-137
drill
Dumont #5 Forceps	World Precision Instruments	14095
Dumont #7 Forceps	World Precision Instruments	14097
Eppendorf Snap-Cap Microcentrifuge Biopur Safe-Lock Tubes	Life Technologies	22600028
Ethicon Vicryl Plus Antibacterial, 4-0 Polyglactin 910 Suture, 27in. FS-2	Med Vet International	VCP422H
Hamilton syringe	Hamilton	1701
Invitrogen Lipofectamine 3000 Transfection Reagent	Life Technologies	L3000015
Iris Forceps	World Precision Instruments	15914
Iris Scissors	World Precision Instruments	500216
Lentivirus-Associated p24 ELISA Kit	Cell Biolabs, inc.	VPK-107-5
Lenti-X Concentrator	Takara	PT4421-2
Opti-MEM I Reduced Serum Medium	Life Technologies	11058021
Paraformaldehyde	Sigma-Aldrich	158127-500G
Paraformaldehyde	Sigma	P6148
ProLong Gold	Fisher Scientific	P36930
Sevoflurane	Merritt Veterinary Supply	347075
stereotaxic apparatus	Kopf Instruments	Model 900
SuperFrost Plus Slides	Fisher Scientific	12-550-154%
Vannas Scissors	World Precision Instruments	500086