µTongue: A Microfluidics-Based Functional Imaging Platform for the Tongue In Vivo

Summary

The article introduces the µTongue (microfluidics-on-a-tongue) device for functional taste cell imaging in vivo by integrating microfluidics into an intravital imaging window on the tongue.

Abstract

Intravital fluorescence microscopy is a tool used widely to study multicellular dynamics in a live animal. However, it has not been successfully used in the taste sensory organ. By integrating microfluidics into the intravital tongue imaging window, the µTongue provides reliable functional images of taste cells in vivo under controlled exposure to multiple tastants. In this paper, a detailed step-by-step procedure to utilize the µTongue system is presented. There are five subsections: preparing of tastant solutions, setting up of a microfluidic module, sample mounting, acquiring functional image data, and data analysis. Some tips and techniques to solve the practical issues that may arise when using the µTongue are also presented.

Introduction

The intravital fluorescence microscope is used widely to study the spatiotemporal dynamics on living tissues. Researchers are rapidly developing genetically encoded sensors that provide specific and sensitive transformations of the biological processes into fluorescence signals - which can be recorded readily using fluorescence microscopes that are widely available^1,2. Although most internal organs in rodents have been investigated using the microscope, its successful application to the tongue has not yet been successful³.

Previous studies on the calcium imag....

Protocol

All surgical procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Sungkyunkwan University and Seoul National University.

1. Preparation of solutions: artificial saliva and tastants

1. Prepare artificial saliva by dissolving 2 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 3 mM NaHCO₃, 3 mM KHCO₃, 0.25 mM CaCl₂, 0.25 mM MgCl₂, 0.12 mM K₂HPO₄, 0.12 mM KH₂PO₄, and 1.8 mM HCl in distilled water (>1 L), and adjust the pH of the solution to 7 (see Table of Materials)¹².
2. Prepare tastants, suc....

Results

The Pirt-GCaMP6f-tdTomato mouse was used to obtain a taste bud image. The surface of the mouse tongue was covered with autofluorescent filiform papillae. Taste buds are spread sparsely over the surface of the tongue (Figure 4A). The images of the taste bud and its structure were acquired using three different filter detectors. Using the 607/70 nm filter set, the tdTomato signal from the taste cells was obtained for ratiometric analysis (Figure 4B). Using the 525.......

Discussion

Described here is a detailed protocol to apply µTongue to the investigation of functional activities of taste cells in vivo. In this protocol, the functional imaging on the taste cells using genetically encoded calcium indicators is performed. In addition to the use of transgenic mice, the electrophoretic loading of calcium dyes (or voltage sensing dyes) onto the taste cells can be an alternative option.

All the taste solutions less than 1.336 of refractive index were used in thi.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
acesulfame K	Sigma Aldrich	04054-25G	Artificial saliva / tastant
calcium chloride solution	Sigma Aldrich	21115-100ML	Artificial saliva / tastant
citric acid	Sigma Aldrich	C0759-100G	Artificial saliva / tastant
cycloheximide	Sigma Aldrich	01810-5G	Artificial saliva / tastant
denatonium	Sigma Aldrich	D5765-5G	Artificial saliva / tastant
Dental glue	Denkist	P0000CJT-A2	Animal preparation
Image J	NIH	ImageJ	Data analysis
IMP	Sigma Aldrich	57510-5G	Artificial saliva / tastant
Instant adhesive	Loctite	Loctite 4161, Henkel	Animal preparation
K2HPO4	Sigma Aldrich	P3786-100G	Artificial saliva / tastant
KCl	Sigma Aldrich	P9541-500G	Artificial saliva / tastant
Ketamine	Yuhan	Ketamine 50	Animal preparation
KH2PO4	Sigma Aldrich	P0662-25G	Artificial saliva / tastant
KHCO3	Sigma Aldrich	237205-500G	Artificial saliva / tastant
MATLAB	Mathwork	MATLAB	Data analysis
MgCl2	Sigma Aldrich	M8266-100G	Artificial saliva / tastant
MPG	Sigma Aldrich	49601-100G	Artificial saliva / tastant
Mutiphoton microscope	Thorlab	Bergamo II	Microscope
NaCl	Sigma Aldrich	S3014-500G	Artificial saliva / tastant
NaHCO3	Sigma Aldrich	792519-500G	Artificial saliva / tastant
Objective	Nikon	N16XLWD-PF	Microscope
Octaflow	ALA Scientific Instruments	OCTAFLOW II	Fluidic control
PC	LG	Lg15N54	Fluidic control
PH meter	Thermoscientific	ORION STAR AZ11	Artificial saliva / tastant
Phosphate-buffered saline	Sigma Aldrich	806562	Artificial saliva / tastant
quinine	Sigma Aldrich	Q1125-5G	Artificial saliva / tastant
Syringe pump	Havard Apparatus	PHD ULTRA 4400	Fluidic control
TRITC-dextran	Sigma Aldrich	52194-1G	Animal preparation
Ultrafast fiber laser	Toptica	FFultra920 01042	Microscope
Xylazine	Bayer Korea	Rompun	Animal preparation