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Method Article

An Ex Vivo Brain Slice Model to Study and Target Breast Cancer Brain Metastatic Tumor Growth

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DOI:

10.3791/62617

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September 22nd, 2021

 ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , 
1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 3Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, 4Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University

In This Article

Summary

We introduce a protocol for measuring real-time drug and radiation response of breast cancer brain metastatic cells in an organotypic brain slice model. The methods provide a quantitative assay to investigate the therapeutic effects of various treatments on brain metastases from breast cancer in an ex vivo manner within the brain microenvironment interface.

Abstract

Brain metastasis is a serious consequence of breast cancer for women as these tumors are difficult to treat and are associated with poor clinical outcomes. Preclinical mouse models of breast cancer brain metastatic (BCBM) growth are useful but are expensive, and it is difficult to track live cells and tumor cell invasion within the brain parenchyma. Presented here is a protocol for ex vivo brain slice cultures from xenografted mice containing intracranially injected breast cancer brain-seeking clonal sublines. MDA-MB-231BR luciferase tagged cells were injected intracranially into the brains of Nu/Nu female mice, and following tumor formation, the brains were isolated, sliced, and cultured ex vivo. The tumor slices were imaged to identify tumor cells expressing luciferase and monitor their proliferation and invasion in the brain parenchyma for up to 10 days. Further, the protocol describes the use of time-lapse microscopy to image the growth and invasive behavior of the tumor cells following treatment with ionizing radiation or chemotherapy. The response of tumor cells to treatments can be visualized by live-imaging microscopy, measuring bioluminescence intensity, and performing histology on the brain slice containing BCBM cells. Thus, this ex vivo slice model may be a useful platform for rapid testing of novel therapeutic agents alone or in combination with radiation to identify drugs personalized to target an individual patient's breast cancer brain metastatic growth within the brain microenvironment.

Introduction

Breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM) develop when cells spread from the primary breast tumor to the brain. Breast cancer is the second most frequent cause of brain metastasis after lung cancer, with metastases occurring in 10-16% of patients1. Unfortunately, brain metastases remain incurable as >80% of patients die within a year after their brain-metastasis diagnosis, and their quality of life is impaired due to neurological dysfunctions2. There is an urgent need to identify more effective treatment options. Monolayer two-dimensional or three-dimensional culture models are the most commonly used methods in testing therapeutic agents in the laboratory. However, they do not mimic the complex BCBM microenvironment, a major driver of tumor phenotype and growth. Although these models are useful, they do not capture the complex tumor-stromal interactions, the unique metabolic requirements, and the heterogeneity of the tumors3. To more faithfully recapitulate tumor-stromal interactions and microenvironment heterogeneity, our group and others have begun to generate organotypic brain metastasis "slice" cultures with patient-derived tumor cells (primary or metastatic) or cancer cell lines4,5,6. Compared to classical in vitro systems, this short-term ex vivo model may provide more relevant conditions for screening new therapeutics prior to preclinical assessment in large animal cohorts.

Ex vivo models have been constructed and successfully used primarily for the identification of successful treatments of various cancers. They require few days of assessment and additionally can be tailored to patient-specific drug screening. For example, human bladder and prostate cancer ex vivo tissues have shown a dose-dependent anti-tumor response of docetaxel and gemcitabine7. Similar colorectal carcinoma ex vivo tissues were developed to screen chemotherapeutic drugs Oxaliplatin, Cetuximab, and Pembrolizumab8. This application has been widely used in pancreatic cancer, considering the essential interaction between the stromal environment and the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma9,10. Furthermore, such organotypic models have been developed for similar screenings in head, neck, gastric, and breast tumors11,12.

Here, an ex vivo brain slice model of xenografted breast cancer brain metastatic tumor cells in their microenvironment is being generated. Mice were intracranially injected with breast cancer brain metastatic brain trophic MDA-MB-231BR cells13 in the cerebral cortex parietal lobe- a common site of TNBC metastasis14,15 and allowed to develop tumors. Brain slices were generated from these xenografted animals and maintained ex vivo as organotypic cultures as described16,17. This novel ex vivo model allows for the analysis of BCBM cell's growth within the brain parenchyma and can be used to test therapeutic agents and radiation effects on tumor cells within the brain microenvironment.

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Protocol

This protocol was approved and follows the animal care guidelines by the Drexel University College of Medicine Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). Nu/Nu athymic female mice (6-8 weeks old) were used in this study.

1. Intracranial injection of tumor cells

  1. Sterilize all equipment (tweezers, scissors, suturing scissors, hand drill) under a dry cycle of an autoclave for up to 45 min in sterilization pouches, including a sterilization indicator. If conducting surgeries on multiple animals, sterilize tools between animals using a heated bead sterilizer (up to 3x).
  2. Anesthetize the mice according to the users' animal care protocol (e.g., isoflurane (4% for induction, 1-2% maintenance) and administer analgesia (subcutaneous, 0.1mL of 0.1mg/kg buprenorphine SR-LAB) prior to the start of surgery. Ensure optimal anesthesia depth with a toe pinch.
  3. Place the mice into a stereotaxic frame and immobilize the head using standard ear bars (Figure 1A). Apply ophthalmic ointment to the eyes.
  4. Sterilize the surface of the head by repeated, alternating application (3x) of iodine swabs and 70% ethanol prior to incision.
  5. Use a surgical scalpel to make a 1 cm midline incision through the skin at a slightly diagonal angle to the imaginary line that divides the mice's brain into two symmetrical halves to expose the skull. Wipe any blood with a cotton swab.
  6. Deflect the skin laterally to expose the injection site: 2 mm on the right, 1 mm forward with reference to the bregma (+2 mediolateral (+2ML), +1 rostral/caudal (+1RC).
  7. Use a bur bit (0.73 mm) to penetrate the skull +2ML, +1RC to the bregma and drill a hole using slight pressure and twisting motion.
  8. Use a brain injection syringe to inject 5 µL of a 100,000 MDA-MB-231BR (stably expressing GFP-Luciferase) cells/µL solution in sterile 1x PBS by initially inserting the syringe 3.5 mm in depth to the brain.
  9. Allow the syringe to settle for 2 min. Pull it up about 1 mm, and after 2 min, slowly inject the first half of the volume.
  10. Wait for another 2 min before injecting the rest, and then slowly pull the syringe 3 min after the final injection.
    NOTE: Slow injection is empirical in allowing the volume to be well absorbed by the brain tissue and not create leakage after pulling the syringe, which may lead to cancer cells growing outside of the intended site.
  11. Apply bone wax to the injection site on the skull and then use polypropylene sutures to suture the tissue. Mice will recover within 5 min after removal of anesthesia.
  12. Monitor their behavior right after surgery for about 10 min, 3 h later and the following day to determine if special treatment, including saline injection, soft food, etc., are needed to help quick recovery.
  13. Monitor the tumor growth via bioluminescence imaging on the imaging system.
    1. For this, first, turn on the oxygen and isoflurane on the imaging system. Allow both to be distributed to the separate chamber outside of the imaging box.
    2. Then, turn on the software, initialize the instrument and choose the appropriate option for visualizing and capturing the whole mouse body.
  14. Place the mice in the separate chamber with isoflurane and ensure optimal anesthesia depth with a toe pinch. Inject the mice intraperitoneally with 200 µL of 30 mg/mL luciferin.
  15. Transfer the mice stomach down to the imaging chamber's noselet supplied with oxygen and isoflurane. Lock the chamber, and choose 2 min time exposure to start imaging.
  16. Use the ROI (region of interest) tool of the software to quantify the bioluminescent signal of the tumor.
  17. To analyze the tumor size, choose the circle shape tool, fit it around the tumor shape and size. Measure the ROI and report the total readings.
  18. Allow solid tumor growth for 12-14 days (or until luciferase reaches about 7.0 x 106 units) (Figure 1B) before generating brain slices.
    NOTE: Increasing the number of cells to be injected will lead to faster tumor growth; therefore, the generation of brain slices can occur earlier than 12 days. On the other hand, a bigger tumor will lead to more GFP+ slices if allowed to grow for 14 days. After 14 days, mice's health begins to deteriorate rapidly; hence animal health monitoring should be increased to once daily after the 10-day time point, and any mice displaying signs of pain and/or discomfort should be used for generating the slices.

2. Generate brain slices

NOTE: Perform the steps after brain isolation in a sterile laminar flow hood. It is typically possible to generate 35-40 individual slices containing tumor cells (luciferase signal) from one mouse injected with MDA-MB-231BR cells (Figure 1C).

  1. Sterilize all the surgical tools in an autoclave. Place tissue slicer in the sterile laminar flow hood and clean all tools and instruments with 70% ethanol.
  2. Following 12-14 days after intracranial MDA-MB-231BR cell injection, anesthetize the mice according to the users' animal care protocol as described in 1.2. Ensure optimal anesthesia depth with a toe pinch.
  3. Remove and place their brains rapidly (within 45 s) into ice-cold (4 °C) sucrose-ACSF composed of the following: 280 mM sucrose, 5 mM KCl, 2 mM MgCl2, 1 mM CaCl2, 20 mM glucose, 10 mM HEPES, 5 mM Na+-ascorbate, 3 mM thiourea, 2 mM Na+, 29 mM pyruvate; pH=7.3.
  4. Using a sharp, sterile scalpel or razor blade, cut away excess parts of the brain that do not contain any tumor from all sides, including the bottom part of the brain.
  5. Bring the shape of the brain to a non-perfect cube to sit flat on the ACSF wetted filter paper on a 60 mm dish lid to facilitate slicing.
    NOTE: Extra tissue of the brain where the tumor is unlikely to have grown is removed prior to slicing to allow generation of mostly GFP+ slices and create a shape of the brain that is stable on the surface of the instrument and will not be perturbed by the vibrations caused by the slicing.
  6. Place several sheets of pre-wet (with ACSF) filter paper circles onto the cutting platform and place the blocked tissue atop this.
  7. Set the cut size on the instrument to 2 or 2.5 units on the provided ruler to slice the tissue into 200-250 µm sections.
    NOTE: Slices up to 350 µm or as thin as 100 µm are viable. For slices <200 µm, use a vibratome or compresstome.
  8. Use a paintbrush (sable) to transfer brain slices into a dish containing sucrose ACSF and separate the slices under a light microscope using 27 G needles.
  9. Identify GFP positive slices under the fluorescent microscope and transfer them to a new 60 mm dish containing 2-3 mL of adult slice media (Neurobasal medium A, 2% B12 supplement, 1% N2 supplement, 1% glutamine, 0.5% glucose, 10 U/mL penicillin, and 100 µg/mL streptomycin) using a sterile 1 mL broken off pipette (wide opening).
    NOTE: The brain slices that contain tumor cells growing over the brain surface (maybe due to injection cell leakage, etc.) are excluded.
  10. Transfer 3-5 slices onto each 30 mm, 0.4 µm pore size tissue culture insert in 6-well plates at a distance that does not allow growing into each other.
  11. Remove the excess medium from the surface of the insert using a P1000 pipette, add 1 mL of adult mouse slice medium underneath each insert and equilibrate the media in the incubator prior to slicing.
  12. Incubate the tissues at 37 °C, 5% CO2, and 95% humidity for 24 h before imaging.

3. IVIS imaging of slices

NOTE: Perform luciferase and inhibitor addition steps in a sterile laminar flow hood.

  1. Pipette 5 µL of 30 mg/mL luciferin solution into the medium underneath the inserts by lifting the insert with forceps and placing them back into the well after addition of luciferin to the media in the well.
  2. Place the 6-well plate with the lid inside the imaging chamber of the instrument below the stationary camera and lock the chamber door.
  3. Open the software and initialize the instrument.
  4. Choose camera settings that allow visualization and capturing of only one well per image. Move the stage up(FOV of 5 cm) and place the well that must be imaged directly under the camera.
  5. Set the imaging time to most appropriate depending on the intensity of the luciferase that the tumor will emit, which can vary from 10 s to 5 min. Start with setting it to 10 s and then increase if the signal is low but keep it consistent for all time points and conditions until the end of the experiment (Figure 1D).
  6. Use the ROI tool (circle shape tool), fit it around the tumor shape and size, measure the ROI, and report the total readings to quantify the bioluminescent signal of each tumor on the slice.
  7. Bring the plate back to the sterile laminar flow hood, use forceps to slightly lift the insert from the well.
  8. Aspirate the medium, replace it with 1 mL of fresh medium and place the insert back in the well.
  9. For experiments where the slices are being treated with various compounds such as inhibitors, metabolites, etc., prepare the appropriate concentration of the reagent in 1.2 mL of brain slice media in a 1.5 mL tube and then transfer 1 mL to the well containing the slice.
  10. Repeat this process every 48 h for the duration of the study.

4. Live imaging of tumor growth in ex vivo brain slices

NOTE: Supply inserts with enough medium (1.5 mL) to last the length of the experiment as it is not possible to add additional medium during the live imaging.

  1. Place the 6-well plate on the automated microscope plate holder inside the incubator (37 °C, 5% CO2, and 95% humidity).
  2. Open the software, turn on brightfield on the first quadrant to adjust the exposure needed to view the slices. To find the position (coordinates "xy") of the slice, navigate with "xy" on the second quadrant to control the coordinates "xyz" of the microscope.
  3. Select 6-well plate as the labware used for this experiment. Select the ROI map editor and register that position by selecting a new ROI, add and save that ROI.
  4. Repeat the same steps for all the other regions of interest in other wells. After having added all the ROIs, save all the ROIs.
  5. Under Protocol, select Clear Existing and select Time-Lapse under Acquisition, followed by selecting the channels of interest (in this case GFP).
  6. Turn off Autofocus in the Focus Setup and manually adjust to the appropriate focus for all the slices. Finally, adjust the Brightfield Intensity and Fluorescent Channel Excitation and Exposure Time to the appropriate level.
  7. Set the protocol to acquire images every 15 min for 48 h.
  8. Save and run the protocol. At the finish of the experiment, the saved file will contain both the brightfield and GFP images captured for every ROI.
  9. To combine the images in a video, rename all images of interest with the same name followed by a binary number to organize them in the order they were captured (e.g., ROI1 (1), RO1 (2) ...)
  10. Open ImageJ and import the images by clicking on File > Import > Image Sequence. Select the file names that appear in a list, and write the content of the files' name in the File Name Contains box that will appear to identify those files selected for the video.
  11. Save the combined images under File > Save As > AVI.

5. MTS assay and immunohistochemistry of ex vivo brain tissue

  1. MTS ASSAY
    1. Excise the slices by cutting the tissue culture membrane underneath each slice along the edges of the tissue and transfer the tissue, still attached to the membrane, into a 96-well plate.
    2. Add the MTS reagent mixed in a 1:5 ratio with culture media and 0.01% triton (1x) to allow penetration of the solution in the tissue, in a total volume of 120 µL in each well.
    3. Use 4% Paraformaldehyde (PFA) as an agent to render brain slices inviable, and thus a positive control for this experiment. Immerse the brain slice of interest in 4% PFA for 1 h at RT (room temperature) or overnight at 4 °C before proceeding with the MTS assay.
    4. Allow the MTS reagent to react on the slices for 4 h, remove the slices from the wells and measure the absorbance at 490 nm for all conditions, including an empty well with no slice as a reference.
    5. Report the readings as a function of tissue slice area, measured with a digital caliper ruler.
  2. Immunohistochemistry preparation
    1. Immerse the brain slices attached to the membrane insert surface in 10% formalin overnight at 4 °C.
    2. Perform embedding, processing, blocking and generate unstained slides of the tissue. Use standard immunohistochemistry staining protocol to stain for H&E, Ki-67, gamma-H2AX, CC3, GFAP, GFP, DAPI

6. Irradiation of tumor in ex vivo brain slices

  1. Irradiate the tumor with 6 Gy (310 kVp x-rays).
    NOTE: The units entered to get the total dose of 6 Gy are 3522 units after considering R units (measured using Victoreen electrometer) and corrections for the thimble, air density, and cGy/R as previously described18. The exposure time is 130.9 s.
  2. Use 0.25 mm Cu +1 mm Al added filtration, 50 cm SSD, 125 cGy per min.
  3. Perform dosimetry by an in-the-beam ionization chamber calibrated against a primary standard.
  4. Make corrections daily for humidity, temperature, and barometric pressure.

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Results

MDA-MB-231BR-GFP-Luciferase cells were intracranially injected into the right hemisphere of 4-6 week old Nu/Nu mice as explained above (Figure 1A) and were allowed to grow for 12-14 days, during which time tumor growth was monitored by bioluminescence imaging (Figure 1B). We injected 100,000 cancer cells intracranially as reported by other groups19, but it's possible to inject as low as 20,000 cell20. Following bra...

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Discussion

This study establishes a novel ex vivo brain culture method for explanted xenograft brain tumors. We show that BCBM cells MDA-MB-231BR cells intracranially injected in the brain of mice can survive and grow in ex vivo brain slices. The study also tested intracranially injected U87MG glioblastoma (GBM) cells and also found that these cancer cells survive and grow in brain slices (data not shown). We believe this model can be expanded beyond BCBM and GBM to other cancers that readily metastasize to the br...

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Disclosures

Authors have no financial conflicts to declare.

Acknowledgements

We want to thank Julia Farnan, Kayla Green, and Tiziana DeAngelis for their technical assistance. This work was supported in part by the Pennsylvania Commonwealth Universal Research Enhancement Grant Program (MJR, JGJ), UO1CA244303 (MJR), R01CA227479 (NLS), R00CA207855 (EJH), and W.W. Smith Charitable Trusts (EjH).

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Materials

List of materials used in this article
NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
1 mL syringe, slip tipBD309659
30 G1/2 NeedlesBD305106
6-well platesGenessee25-105
Automated microscope and LUMAVIEW softwareEtalumaLS720
B27 (GEM21)Gemini Bio-Products400-160
Beaker 50 mLFisher10-210-685
Blunt sable paintbrush, Size #5/0Electron Microscopy Sciences66100-50
Bone WaxModoMedDYNJBW25
Brain injection SyringeHamilton Company80430
CaCl2Fisher ScientificBP510-250
Cleaved caspase 3 AntibodyCell Signaling14220S
DAPIInvitrogenP36935
D-Luciferin Potassium SaltPerkin Elmer122799
Double edge razor bladeVWR55411-060(95-0043)
Filter Paper (#1), quantitative circles, 4.25 cmFisher09-805a (1001-042)
Fine sable paintbrush #2/0Electron Microscopy Sciences66100-20
ForcepsFine Science Tools11251-20
Gamma-H2AX antibodyMillipore05-636
GFAP antibodyThermo Fisher13-0300
GFP antibodySanta CruzSC-9996
GlucoseSigma AldrichG8270
Glutamine (200 mM)Corning cellgrow25-005-Cl
H&E and KI-67Jefferson Core Facility Pathology staining
Hand Drill Set with Micro Mini Twist Drill BitsAmazonYCQ2851920086082DJ
HEPES, free acidFisher ScientificBP299-1
Just for mice Stereotaxic FrameHarvard Apparatus (Holliston, MA, USA).72-6049, 72-6044
KClFisher ScientificS271-10
Large surgical scissorsFine Science Tools14001-18
MDA-MB-231BR cellsKindly provided by Dr. Patricia SteegRef 14
MgCl2·6H2OFisher ScientificM33-500
Mice imaging devicePerkin ElmerIVIS 200 system
Mice imaging softwareCaliper Life Sciences (Waltham, MA, USA).Living Image Software
Microplate ReaderTecan Spark
Mounting solutionInvitrogenP36935
MTS reagentPromega CellTiter 96 Aqueous One Solution(Cat:G3582)
N2 supplementLife Technologies17502-048
Neurobasal mediumLife Technologies21103049
Nu/Nu athymic miceCharles Rivers Labs (Wilmington, MA, USA)
ParaformaldehydeAffymetrix19943
Pen/StrepLife Technologies145140-122
Polypropylene SutureMedex supplyETH-8556H
Povidone Iodine Swab sticksDME Supply USACat: 689286X
Scalpel blade #11 (pk of 100)Fine Science Tools10011-00
Scalpel handle #3Fine Science Tools10003-12
Sodium PyruvateSigma AldrichS8636
Spatula/probeFine Science Tools10090-13
SS Double edge uncoated razor blades (American safety razor co (95-0043))VWR55411-060
SucroseAmresco57-50-1
Surgical ScalpelExelint InternationalD29702
Tissue ChopperBrinkman(McIlwain type)
Tissue culture insertsMilliporePICMORG50 or PICM03050
X-ray machinePrecision 250 kVp

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Breast Cancer MetastasisEx Vivo CultureTumor Cell InvasionBioluminescence ImagingTime Lapse MicroscopyChemotherapy ResponseIonizing RadiationTumor Microenvironment
An Ex Vivo Brain Slice Model to Study and Target Breast Cancer Brain Metastatic Tumor Growth
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