Shuttle Box Assay as an Associative Learning Tool for Cognitive Assessment in Learning and Memory Studies using Adult Zebrafish

Summary

Learning and memory are potent metrics in studying either developmental, disease-dependent, or environmentally induced cognitive impairments. Most cognitive assessments require specialized equipment and extensive time commitments. However, the shuttle box assay is an associative learning tool that utilizes a conventional gel box for rapid and reliable assessment of adult zebrafish cognition.

Abstract

Cognitive deficits, including impaired learning and memory, are a primary symptom of various developmental and age-related neurodegenerative diseases and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Zebrafish are an important neuroscience model due to their transparency during development and robust regenerative capabilities following neurotrauma. While various cognitive tests exist in zebrafish, most of the cognitive assessments that are rapid examine non-associative learning. At the same time, associative-learning assays often require multiple days or weeks. Here, we describe a rapid associative-learning test that utilizes an adverse stimulus (electric shock) and requires minimal preparation time. The shuttle box assay, presented here, is simple, ideal for novice investigators, and requires minimal equipment. We demonstrate that, following TBI, this shuttle box test reproducibly assesses cognitive deficit and recovery from young to old zebrafish. Additionally, the assay is adaptable to examine either immediate or delayed memory. We demonstrate that both a single TBI and repeated TBI events negatively affect learning and immediate memory but not delayed memory. We, therefore, conclude that the shuttle box assay reproducibly tracks the progression and recovery of cognitive impairment.

Introduction

Learning and memory are routinely used as metrics of cognitive impairment, which happens due to aging, neurodegenerative disease, or injury. Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are the most common injury that results in cognitive deficits. TBIs are of growing concern because of their association with several neurodegenerative disorders, such as frontotemporal dementia and Parkinson's disease^1,2. In addition, the increased beta-amyloid aggregations observed in some TBI patients suggest that it may also be associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease^3,

Protocol

Zebrafish were raised and maintained in the Notre Dame Zebrafish facility in the Freimann Life Sciences Center. The methods described in this manuscript were approved by the University of Notre Dame Animal Care and Use Committee (Animal Welfare Assurance Number A3093-01).

1. Shuttle box learning paradigm (Figure 1A)

NOTE: The learning paradigm provides a rapid assessment of cognition regarding associative learning.

1. Prepare the shuttle box by modifying a 30.5 x 19 x 7.5 cm gel box with a 5 x 19 cm piece of aquarium grade plexiglass added to each side at a 45° angle. Make a....

Results

The learning paradigm, outlined in the protocol and schematic (Figure 1), provides a rapid assessment of cognition with respect to associative learning. In addition, this paradigm has a high level of stringency, by defining learning as a repeated and consistent display of 5 consecutive positive trials. This paradigm is also applicable to a range of ages and injuries. Undamaged fish at 8 months (young adult), 18 months (middle-aged adult), and 24 months (elderly adult) required a similar numb.......

Discussion

Cognitive impairment can significantly and negatively impact the quality of life. Because of the increased visibility and occurrence of concussions and traumatic brain injuries throughout the population, it is important to understand how they cause cognitive impairment and how the damage can be minimized or reversed. For these reasons, model organisms that can be tested for cognitive decline play a critical role in these studies. Rodents have long been the primary model to investigate neurobehavior and cognition, however.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Flashlight	Ultrafire	9145
Instant Ocean	Instant Ocean	SS15-10
Large DNA Gel Box	Fisher Scientific	FB-SB-1316	Shuttle Box
Power Supply	Fisher Scientific	FB-105