Extracellular Vesicle Uptake Assay via Confocal Microscope Imaging Analysis

Summary

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contribute to cellular biology and intercellular communications. There is a need for practical assays to visualize and quantify EVs uptake by the cells. The current protocol proposes the EV uptake assay by utilizing three-dimensional fluorescence imaging via confocal microscopy, following EV isolation by a nano-filtration-based microfluidic device.

Abstract

There is a need for practical assays to visualize and quantify the cells' extracellular vesicle (EV) uptake. EV uptake plays a role in intercellular communication in various research fields; cancer biology, neuroscience, and drug delivery. Many EV uptake assays have been reported in the literature; however, there is a lack of practical, detailed experimental methodology. EV uptake can be assessed by fluorescently labeling EVs to detect their location within cells. Distinguishing between internalized EVs in cells and the superficial EVs on cells is difficult, yet critical, to accurately determine the EV uptake. Therefore, an assay that efficiently quantifies EV uptake through three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence confocal microscopy is proposed in this work. Fluorescently labeled EVs were prepared using a nano-filtration-based microfluidic device, visualized by 3D confocal microscopy, and then analyzed through advanced image-processing software. The protocol provides a robust methodology for analyzing EVs on a cellular level and a practical approach for efficient analysis.

Introduction

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, lipid membrane-bound particles that are categorized by their sizes: ectosomes (100-500 nm) and exosomes (50-150 nm)¹. EVs contain various biomolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. These biomolecules originate from the cells before being encapsulated as cargo and released into the extracellular space via EVs^1,2,3.

Due to the variety of their cargo, EVs are believed to play an active role in intercellular communication. The release and uptake of EVs by cell....

Protocol

1. EV isolation and on-chip immuno-fluorescent EV labeling

1. Collection of cell culture media (CCM) and pre-processing of CCM for EV isolation
   1. Seed PC3 cells at 30% confluency in a 75 cm² cell culture flask. Allow control cells to grow to 90% confluency (~48 h) in standard media and cell-line-specific supplements.
      NOTE: To prevent EV-containing components from affecting cellular uptake (i.e., fetal bovine serum), use exosome-depleted media and supplements.
   2. Harvest the CCM.
   3. Centrifuge the CCM at 1000 x g for 10 min at room temperature (RT) to pellet any unattached cells and large debris harvested w....

Results

Using a nano-filtration-based microfluidic device, EVs were isolated from PC3 CCM and labeled with a fluorophore-conjugated EV-specific (CD63) antibody (Figure 1). The labeled EVs were successfully visualized by the 3D confocal microscopy (Figure 2). The labeled EVs were incubated with cells for several hours in exosome-depleted media. Following incubation, cells were washed with exosome depleted media. The remaining EVs were internalized or adhered to cells dur.......

Discussion

An EV uptake assay based on 3D fluorescence imaging via confocal microscopy provides an efficient methodology and sensitive analysis. This fluorescent EV labeling facilitates the visualization of EVs and successfully performs a precise EV uptake assay. Previous methods for labeling EVs and removing the residual dye have been reported by removing precipitation using ultracentrifugation (UC); however, UC may co-precipitate EVs, and the immobilized dye may lead to a false-positive signal¹²

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Alexa Fluor 488 anti-human CD63 Antibody	Biolegend	353038	Fluorescent dye conjugated EV-specific antibody
CellTracker Orange CMTMR Dye	Thermo Fisher Scientific	C2927	Live cell (cytoplasm) fluoresent labeling reagent
CFI Apo Lambda S 40XC WI	Nikon	MRD77400	Objective for confocal imaging, NA=1.25
CFI Plan Apo VC 20X	Nikon	MRD70200	Objective for confocal imaging, NA=0.75
Exodisc	Labspinner Inc.	EX-D1001	A nano-filtration based microfluidic device for EV isolation
ExoDiscovery	Labspinner Inc.	EX-R1001	Operation device for Exodisc
Exosome-depleted FBS	Thermo Fisher Scientific	A2720801	Nutrient of cell culture media for PC3 cell line derived EV collection
Fetal bovine serum (FBS)	VWR	1500-500	Nutrient for cell cultivation
Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L preadsorbed	abcam	ab7063	Mouse IgG antibody for negatvie control of EV labeling
Ibidi USA U DISH μ-Dish 35 mm	Ibidi	81156	Culture dish for confocal imaging
Imaris 9.7.1	Oxford Instruments	9.7.1	Post-image processing software
Incubator System+ CO2/O2/N2 gas mixer	Live Cell Instrument	TU-O-20	Incubator system for live cell imaging
Nikon A1 HD25 / A1R HD25 camera	Nikon	NA	Camera for confocal imaging
Nikon Eclipse Ti microscope	Nikon	NA	Inverted microscope for confocal imaging
NIS-Elements AR 4.50.00	Nikon	4.50.00	Image processing software for Nikon microscope
NTA, NanoSight NS500	Malvern Panalytical	NS500	Measurement device for EV concentration
OriginPro 2020	OriginLab	9.7.0.185	Graphing software
Penicillin-Streptomycin	Thermo Fisher Scientific	15140122	Antibiotics for cell cultivation
RPMI 1640	Thermo Fisher Scientific	21875034	Cell culture media for PC3 cell line cultivation
SYTO RNASelect Green Fluorescent cell Stain - 5 mM Solution in DMSO	Thermo Fisher Scientific	S32703	RNA staining fluorescent dye for the EV labeling