In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior

Summary

The present protocol describes how to use wireless optogenetics combined with high-speed videography in a single pellet reach-to-grasp task to characterize the neural circuits involved in the performance of skilled motor behavior in freely moving mice.

Abstract

Fine motor skills are essential in everyday life and can be compromised in several nervous system disorders. The acquisition and performance of these tasks require sensory-motor integration and involve precise control of bilateral brain circuits. Implementing unimanual behavioral paradigms in animal models will improve the understanding of the contribution of brain structures, like the striatum, to complex motor behavior as it allows manipulation and recording of neural activity of specific nuclei in control conditions and disease during the performance of the task.

Since its creation, optogenetics has been a dominant tool for interrogating the brain by enabling selective and targeted activation or inhibition of neuronal populations. The combination of optogenetics with behavioral assays sheds light on the underlying mechanisms of specific brain functions. Wireless head-mounted systems with miniaturized light-emitting diodes (LEDs) allow remote optogenetic control in an entirely free-moving animal. This avoids the limitations of a wired system being less restrictive for animals' behavior without compromising light emission efficiency. The current protocol combines a wireless optogenetics approach with high-speed videography in a unimanual dexterity task to dissect the contribution of specific neuronal populations to fine motor behavior.

Introduction

Motor skilled behavior is present during most movements performed by us, and it is known to be affected in several brain disorders^1,2,3,4,5,6. Implementing tasks that allow studying the development, learning, and performance of skilled movements is crucial to understanding the motor function's neurobiological underpinnings, especially in models of brain injury, neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders^2,7

Protocol

The procedures involving animal use were conducted following local and national guidelines and approved by the corresponding Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (Institute of Cellular Physiology IACUC protocol VLH151-19). Drd1-Cre transgenic male mice²⁷, 35-40 days postnatal with C57BL/6 background were used in the current protocol. Mice were kept under the following conditions: temperature 22±1 °C; humidity 55%; light schedule 12/12 h with lights off at 7 p.m. and were weaned at postnatal day 21. Weaned pups were housed in same-sex groups of 2-5. Animals were housed in static housing with micro-barrier tops. Bedding cons....

Results

The reach-to-grasp task is a paradigm widely used to study shaping, learning, performance, and kinematics of fine skill movement under different experimental manipulations. Mice learn to execute the task in a couple of days and achieve more than 55% accuracy reaching a plateau after 5 days of training (Figure 2A,B). Similar to what has been previously reported, a percentage of animals do not perform the task appropriately (29.62%), and those should be excluded from further a.......

Discussion

The use of optogenetic manipulation of neuronal populations in well-defined behavioral paradigms is advancing our knowledge about the mechanisms underlying motor control^7,23. Wireless methods are especially suitable for tasks that require tests on multiple animals or free movement^34,35. Nevertheless, as techniques and devices are refined, it should be the go-to option for any behavioral task combined with.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Anaesthesia machine	RWD	R583S	Isoflurane vaporizer
Anesket	PiSA		Ketamine
Breadboard	Thorlabs	MB3090/M	Solid aluminum optical breadboard
Camera lense	Canon		50mmf/ 1.4 manual focus lenses (c-mount)
Camera system	BrainVision	MiCAM02	Camera controller and synchronizer
Cotton swabs
CS solution	PiSA		Sodium chloride solution 9%
Customized training chamber	In house
Drill bit #105	Dremel	2 615 010 5AE	Engraving cutter
Dustless precission chocolate pellets	Bio-Serv	F05301
Ethyl Alcohol	J.T.  Baker	9000-02	Ethanol
Eyespears	Ultracell	40400-8	Eyespears of absorbent PVA material
Fluriso	VetOne	V1 502017-250	Isoflurane
Glass capillaries	Drumond Scientific	3-000-203-G/X	Pipettes for NanoJect II
Hidrogen peroxide	Farmacom		Antiseptic
High-speed camera	BrainVision	MiCAM02-CMOS	Monochrome high-speed cameras
Infrared emmiter	Teleopto
Insulin syringe
LED cannula	Teleopto	TelC-c-l-d	LED cannula 250um 487nm light
Micropipette 10 uL	Eppendorf	Z740436
Micro-pipette puller	Sutter	P-87	Horizontal puller
Microscope LSM780	Zeiss		Confocal microscope
Microtome
Mock receiver	Teleopto
NanoJect II	Drumond Scientific	3-000-204	Micro injector
Oxygen tank	Infra	na
pAAV-EF1a-double.floxed-hChR2(H134R)-mCherry-WPRE- HGHpA	Addgene	20297	Viral vector for ChR-2 expression
Parafilm
Paraformaldehyde	Sigma	P-6148
Phosphate saline buffer	Sigma	P-4417	Phosphate saline buffer tablets
Pipette tips 10 uL	ThermoFisher	AM12635	0.5-10 uL  volume
Pisabental	PiSA		Sodium pentobarbital
Plexiglass	commercial		Acrylic sheet
Povidone iodine	Farmacom		Antiseptic
Procin	PiSA		Xylacine
Puralube	Perrigo pharma	1228112	Eye lubricant 15% mineral oil/85% petrolatum
Rotary tool	Kmoon	Mini grinder	Standard
Scalpel
Scalpel blade
Stereotaxic apparatus	Stoelting	51730D	Digital apparatus
Super-Bond C&B	Sun Medical		Dental cement
Surgical dispossable cap
Teleopto remote controller	Teleopto
Tg Drd1-Cre mouse line	Gensat	036916-UCD	Transgene insertion FK150Gsat
Tissue adhesive	3M Vetbond	1469SB
TPI Vibratome 1000 plus	Peico		Microtome
Vectashield mounting media with DAPI	Vector laboratories	H-1200	Mounting media
Wireless receiver	Teleopto	TELER-1-P