Efficient and Cost Effective Electroporation Method to Study Primary Cilium-Dependent Signaling Pathways in the Granule Cell Precursor

Summary

Here, we present a reproducible in vitro electroporation protocol for genetic manipulation of primary cerebellar granule cell precursors (GCPs) that is cost-effective, efficient, and viable. Moreover, this protocol also demonstrates a straightforward method for the molecular study of primary cilium-dependent Hedgehog signaling pathways in primary GCP cells.

Abstract

The primary cilium is a critical signaling organelle found on nearly every cell that transduces Hedgehog (Hh) signaling stimuli from the cell surface. In the granule cell precursor (GCP), the primary cilium acts as a pivotal signaling center that orchestrates precursor cell proliferation by modulating the Hh signaling pathway. The investigation of primary cilium-dependent Hh signaling machinery is facilitated by in vitro genetic manipulation of the pathway components to visualize their dynamic localization to the primary cilium. However, transfection of transgenes in the primary cultures of GCPs using the currently known electroporation methods is generally costly and often results in low cell viability and undesirable transfection efficiency. This paper introduces an efficient, cost-effective, and simple electroporation protocol that demonstrates a high transfection efficiency of ~80-90% and optimal cell viability. This is a simple, reproducible, and efficient genetic modification method that is applicable to the study of the primary cilium-dependent Hedgehog signaling pathway in primary GCP cultures.

Introduction

Cerebellar GCPs are widely used to study the machinery of the Hh signaling pathway in neuronal progenitor cell-types owing to their high abundance and high sensitivity to the Hh signaling pathway in vivo^1,2,3,4. In GCPs, the primary cilium acts as a pivotal Hh signal transduction hub⁵ that orchestrates the proliferation of the precursor cells^6,7,8. In vitro visualization of Hh signaling components on the primary cilium is often challenging due to their low endogenous basal levels. Hence, transgene modification of protein expression levels and fluorophore tagging of the gene of interest are useful approaches to study the pathway at molecular resolution. However, genetic manipulation of GCP primary cultures using liposome-based transfection approaches often result in low transfection efficiency, hindering further molecular investigations⁹. Electroporation increases the efficiency but commonly requires exorbitant vendor-specific and cell type-restricted electroporation reagents¹⁰.

This paper introduces a high-efficiency and cost-effective electroporation method to manipulate the Hh signaling pathway components in GCP primary cultures. Using this modified electroporation protocol, a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Smoothened transgene (pEGFP-Smo) was efficiently delivered to GCPs and achieved high cell survival and transfection rates (80-90%). Furthermore, as evidenced by the immunocytochemical staining, the transfected GCPs showed high sensitivity to Smoothened agonist-induced activation of the Hh signaling pathway by trafficking EGFP-Smo to the primary cilia. This protocol shall be directly applicable and beneficial for experiments that involve in vitro genetic modification of cell types that are difficult to transfect, such as human and rodent primary cell cultures, as well as human induced pluripotent stem cells.

Protocol

All animal-related procedures were carried out in compliance with animal handling guidelines and the protocol approved by the Department of Health, Hong Kong. Animal experiment licenses following Animal (Control of Experiments) Ordinance (Cap. 340) were obtained from the Department of Health, Hong Kong Government. The animal work was carried out in compliance with the animal safety ethics approved by HKBU Research Office and Laboratory Safety Committee. Refer to the Table of Materials for details about all materials used in this protocol.

1. Preexperiment preparation

1. Preparation of culture media and buffers
   1. Serum-free medium (SFM)
      1. To prepare 50 mL of SFM, add 500 µL of 100x L-glutamine substitute, 500 µL of Penicillin-Streptomycin, 1 mM of sodium pyruvate, and 12.5 µL of 1 M KCl (final 250 µM) to 49 mL of Neurobasal medium.
      2. Split the SFM into 2 aliquots of 10 mL and 40 mL in 50 mL conical tubes and store them at 4 °C for up to one month.
   2. Digestion blocking medium: 10% FBS in SFM
      1. Add 1.1 mL of heat-inactivated FBS to a 10 mL aliquot of SFM to prepare digestion blocking medium.
   3. GCP culture medium: SFM with B27
      1. To prepare GCP culture medium, add 800 µL of serum-free B-27 supplement to a 40 mL aliquot of SFM.
         NOTE: B-27-supplemented SFM can be stored at 4 °C for up to one month. However, freshly prepared media produce optimal outcomes.
   4. Dissection buffer: EBSS with glucose + HEPES
      1. Add 6 g/L of glucose to calcium- and magnesium-free Earle's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS) containing 10 mM HEPES (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid).
      2. Sterilize the solution by passing through a 0.2 µm syringe filter and store it at 4 °C for long-term storage.
   5. Digestion Buffer
      NOTE: Prepare freshly before use.
      1. Prepare 2 mL of digestion buffer for the digestion of 2-4 cerebellar tissues and 4 mL for 4-10 tissues. To prepare 4 mL of digestion buffer, dissolve 1.5 mg of L-cysteine (final concentration 200-400 µg/mL) in 4 mL of EBSS. Invert the tube repeatedly until the powder is fully dissolved.
      2. Sterilize the solution using a 0.2 µm syringe filter and a 5 mL syringe, and transfer the solution to a sterile 35 mm cell culture dish.
      3. Add 4 µL of papain (1:1,000 dilution from a stock concentration of 20 units/mg) and 40 µL of DNase I (1:100 dilution from a 10 mg/mL stock for a final concentration of 0.1 mg/mL).
      4. Incubate the solution at 37 °C in a CO₂ incubator for at least 30 min or until use.
         ​NOTE: This step is critical to activate the papain. For optimal outcomes, do not exceed 45 min at 37 °C before use. Ensure the solution turns transparent and there are no white precipitates before use.
2. Precoating coverslips
   1. To prepare the coverslips for cell attachment, incubate autoclaved 12 mm glass coverslips with 100 µg/mL of poly-D-lysine (PDL, 1 mg/mL in sterile dH₂O) for at least 1 h at 37 °C. Keep the coverslips in the same PDL solution at 4 °C until use.
   2. On the day of primary cell culture, collect the PDL in a clean conical tube and rinse the coverslips three times with sterile dH₂O thoroughly to remove residual PDL.
      NOTE: The PDL can be stored at 4 °C for reuse.
   3. Transfer the PDL-coated glass coverslips onto a 24-well plate by placing one coverslip in each well.
   4. Remove excess water and add 200-300 µL of Matrigel (reconstituted according to the instructions in the product datasheet in serum-free DMEM-F12) to fully cover the coverslips.
   5. Incubate the coverslips in the Matrigel for 1 h at 37 °C in the CO₂ incubator.
      NOTE: Remove the Matrigel before cell seeding. This Matrigel can be collected and stored at 4 °C for multiple reuses.
3. Preparation of preplating culture dish
   1. Coat a 60 mm cell culture dish with 2 mL of 100 µg/mL PDL (reconstitute the 1 mg/mL PDL stock solution in sterile dH₂O) by incubation at 37 °C for 1 h.
   2. Immediately before cell seeding, remove and collect the used PDL in a clean conical tube and store it at 4 °C for multiple reuses. Rinse and wash the PDL-coated dish three times with sterile dH₂O. Air-dry the culture dish before cell seeding.
   3. Use one 60 mm cell culture dish to seed cells harvested from a maximum of 2 whole-cerebellum tissues.
   4. Prepare additional culture dishes for additional cerebellums.
      ​NOTE: See steps 2.1.18 and 2.1.19 for the use of the preplating culture dish.

2. Experimental day 0

1. Isolation and culturing of mouse primary GCPs
   NOTE: The GCP culture method was modified from a standard protocol, and the brief protocol was briefly described in our previous work^6,11,12. For optimal GCP yield, use postnatal (P) day 6 or P7 pups for the isolation of GCP. Complete the following dissection steps 2.1.6-2.1.10 as quickly as possible for optimal cell viability.
   1. Prewarm SFM, digestion blocking medium, culture medium, and Opti-MEM at 37 °C during dissection.
   2. On a clean bench, presoak all the dissection apparatus in 70% ethanol for disinfection.
   3. Fill a 60 mm cell culture dish with 2-3 mL of dissection buffer and chill it on ice.
   4. Prepare fresh digestion buffer as described in section 1.1.5 and keep it warm at 37 °C.
   5. Use 70% ethanol to wipe the head of the pup for disinfection.
   6. Decapitate the pup without anesthesia. Use forceps to hold the head and sterilized surgical scissors to cut from the back of the skull to decapitate the pup. Carefully remove the skin and skull to uncover the brain by using forceps.
   7. Use forceps to pinch off the cerebellum and quickly soak it in the pre-chilled dissection buffer prepared in step 2.1.3.
   8. Remove the meninges with the cerebellum submerged in the dissection buffer under a dissecting microscope. Blood vessel-enriched meninges should appear pinkish under the dissecting microscope.
   9. Remove all the meninges using forceps.
      NOTE: A cerebellum without meninges should have a whitish appearance.
   10. Remove any visible midbrain tissues and the choroid plexus from the cerebellum.
   11. Transfer the cerebellum to a 35 mm culture dish prefilled with warm digestion buffer prepared in step 2.1.4. Avoid transferring excess dissection buffer. Cut the cerebellum into fine pieces using microspring scissors as quickly as possible.
   12. Immediately incubate the minced cerebellum at 37 °C for 15 min in a CO₂ incubator. Extend the incubation time to 20 min if more than 4 cerebellums are to be processed.
       NOTE: After incubation, the tissue will clump together.
   13. Immediately transfer the digested tissue to the bottom of a new sterile 15 mL centrifuge tube using a P1000 pipette tip prewet with digestion blocking medium (avoid transferring digestion buffer).
   14. Add an appropriate volume of digestion blocking medium (1 mL for 1 cerebellum) to terminate the digestion and pipette up and down gently 30 times using a P1000 micropipette to further dissociate the tissue into a single-cell suspension. Avoid air bubble formation.
   15. Gently pass the cell suspension through a 70 µm cell strainer into a new sterile centrifuge tube to remove cell clumps.
   16. Pass an additional 1 mL of fresh digestion blocking medium through the cell strainer to collect residual cells from the cell strainer.
   17. Centrifuge the filtrate at 200 × g for 5 min at room temperature (RT). Remove the supernatant and resuspend the pellet with 1 mL of SFM. Repeat this step twice. Avoid forming air bubbles.
   18. Resuspend the pellet in a final volume of 2 mL of GCP culture medium and transfer the cell suspension to the PDL-coated 60 mm preplating culture dish prepared in step 1.3. Incubate for 15 min at 37 °C in a CO₂ incubator.
       NOTE: Do not exceed 20 min.
   19. After incubation, tap the culture dish from the side to dislodge the loosely adherent GCP cells. Collect the adherent GCP cells in culture medium by gentle pipetting using a P1000 pipette. Collect this GCP suspension into a new 15 mL centrifuge tube. Discard the 60 mm dish.
       NOTE: Strongly adherent astroglia and fibroblast cells will remain attached on the 60 mm dish bottom and will be separated in this step. Omitting this step will compromise the purity of the GCP culture.
   20. Count the cells and proceed to electroporation immediately.
2. Day in vitro (DIV) 0: Electroporation for Hh receptor transgene overexpression: pEGFP-Smo
   1. For electroporation using a 2 mm gap cuvette, prepare the following plasmid-cell electroporation mixture for each reaction of electroporation: 1.2 × 10⁶ cells and 10 µg of pEGFP-mSmo (adjust the DNA stock concentration to ~2-5 µg/µL in Tris-EDTA buffer or sterile dH₂O) in 100 µL of Opti-MEM.
      NOTE: Reduce the total cell number if the cells are insufficient (though this may reduce the electroporation efficiency). However, do not adjust the amount of plasmid nor the total volume of Opti-MEM used per cuvette. If the total cell number required for the experiment exceeds 1.5 × 10⁶ cells, scale up the electroporation mixture accordingly and perform multiple electroporation reactions separately. The cuvette may be reused up to 5 times.
   2. Prepare the post-electroporation cell seeding plate by adding 0.5 mL of culture medium into each well of the 24-well culture plate containing coated coverslips (from step 1.2) and keep it warm at 37 °C in a CO₂ incubator.
   3. From step 2.1.20, pipette the required number of cells into a sterile 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube and spin at 200 × g for 5 min at RT. Discard the supernatant and resuspend the cell pellet in 200 µL of Opti-MEM. Repeat this step twice with Opti-MEM to ensure no residual culture medium is present in the tube
      NOTE: For every well/coverslip of a 24-well plate, electroporate and seed 1.2-1.3 × 10⁶ cells/well to obtain ~70-75% cell confluency on the next day of culture.
   4. Set the parameters of electroporation as shown in Table 1.
   5. Pipette the electroporation reaction gently to mix well and use a long P200 tip to transfer an exact volume of 100 µL of the mixture into the 2 mm gap cuvette. Avoid forming bubbles.
   6. Place the cuvette in the cuvette chamber.
   7. Press the Ω button of the electroporator (see the Table of Materials) and make a note of the impedance value, which should be ~30-35. To ensure the electric impedance value Ω falls within the range of 30-35, adhere to a precise volume of 100 µL.
   8. Press the start button to initiate the pulse.
   9. Record the values of the measured current and joules shown on the reading frame.
   10. Remove the cuvette from the cuvette chamber.
   11. Immediately add 100 µL of prewarmed culture medium into the cuvette and resuspend it by gentle pipetting up and down 2-3 times. Immediately transfer the cell suspension to the 24-well plate prepared in step 2.2.2.
       NOTE: To minimize cell death, seed the cells immediately after electroporation.
   12. Incubate the cells at 37 °C in a CO₂ incubator. Leave the cells undisturbed for 3 h to avoid cell detachment.
   13. At 3 h post seeding, gently aspirate and discard half of the supernatant medium to remove floating dead cells and debris and replace with the same amount of prewarmed culture medium.
   14. Incubate the cells at 37 °C in the CO₂ incubator and replenish half of the medium every other day.
   15. Observe the cells under the fluorescence microscope on the next day, i.e., DIV1 (Figure 1) for GFP signal to determine the efficiency of Smo overexpression.
   16. For the stimulation of the Hh signaling pathway on DIV 1 after replenishing half of the medium, add 0.2 µM Smoothened agonist (SAG) to the cells while adding an equal volume of DMSO to the control. Incubate for 24 h prior to cell fixation.
       ​NOTE: Keep the volume of DMSO/SAG added as low as possible. Here, 0.5 µL DMSO or 0.5 µL of 0.2 mM SAG was added per 500 µL of medium per well, which is a dilution ratio of 1:1,000.

3. DIV 2: Visualization of primary cilia and investigation of the Hh signaling pathway

1. Cell fixation
   1. At 24 h post treatment, remove the culture medium and rinse the cells 2-3 times with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) using a disposable Pasteur pipette while avoid dislodging the cells.
   2. Fix the cells by adding ~400 µL of 4% paraformaldehyde (prepared in PBS) and incubate at RT for 10 min.
   3. Rinse and wash 2-3 times with PBS using a disposable Pasteur pipette.
   4. Store in PBS at 4 °C for up to 2 months or proceed to immunostaining.
2. Immunocytochemical staining of GCPs and primary cilium marker
   1. In a 24-well plate, washthe cells twice in PBS with gentle shaking for 5 min each time.
   2. Add 0.5 mL of 100 mM ammonium chloride to the cell and incubate at RT for 10 min to quench the fixative.
   3. Rinse once and wash 2-3 times with PBS with gentle shaking for 10 min each time.
   4. Gently pipette 30 µL of blocking buffer (BB: 0.1% Triton X-100, 1% BSA, 2% heat-inactivated horse serum in PBS) onto a piece of parafilm to form a droplet without air bubbles.
   5. Gently transfer the coverslip from the well onto the BB droplet with the cell-seeded side facing downwards. Incubate the cells with BB in a humid chamber for 1 h at RT.
   6. Prepare the primary antibody mix in BB as shown in the Table of Materials. To probe the cells with primary antibody, repeat steps 3.2.4 and 3.2.5, replacing BB with the primary antibody mix. Incubate the cells with the primary antibody for 2 h at RT.
   7. Using forceps, transfer the coverslips back to the 24-well plate with the cell-seeded side facing upwards. Rinse the cells once and wash 3-4 times in PBS with gentle shaking for 10 min each time.
   8. Prepare the secondary antibody mix in BB as shown in the Table of Materials. To incubate the cells with the secondary antibody, repeat steps 3.2.4 and 3.2.5, replacing BB with the secondary antibody mix. Incubate in the dark for 1 h at RT.
   9. Repeat step 3.2.7 for post-secondary antibody incubation washing.
   10. Mount the coverslip on a clean microscopic glass slide using mounting medium.
   11. Air-dry the slide in the dark overnight and proceed to confocal imaging¹³.

Results

Using the Opti-MEM (see the Table of Materials) as the universal reagent, this proposed electroporation methodology could achieve consistently high electroporation efficiency at ~80-90% (Figure 1). The electroporation efficiency of the Smo-EGFP vector was determined at DIV 2 post electroporation by quantification of the percentage of green fluorescence-positive cells in all paired box protein-6 (Pax6)-expressing GCP cells. The electroporation efficiency of DMSO- and SAG-trea...

Discussion

Transfection of transgenes in primary GCP culture by electroporation method is typically associated with low cell viability and poor transfection efficiency^9,10. This paper introduces a cost-effective and reproducible electroporation protocol that has demonstrated high efficiency and viability. In addition, we also demonstrate a straightforward method of studying the primary cilium-dependent Hh signaling pathway in primary GCP cells.

O...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
GCP Culture
B27 supplement	Life Technologies LTD	17504044
Cell strainer, 70 µm	Corning	352350
DNase I from bovine pancreas	Roche	11284932001
Earle’s Balanced Salt Solution	Gibco, Life Technologies	14155063
FBS, qualified	Thermo Scientific	SH30028.02
GlutamMAXTM-I ,100x	Gibco, Life Technologies	35050061	L-glutamine substitute
L-cysteine	Sigma Aldrich	C7352
Matrigel	BD Biosciences	354277	Basement membrane matrix
Neurobasal	Gibco, Life Technologies	21103049
Papain,suspension	Worthington Biochemical Corporation	LS003126
Poly-D-lysine Hydrobromide	Sigma Aldrich	P6407
SAG	Cayman Chemical	11914-1	Smoothened agonist
IF staining
Bovine Serum Albumin	Sigma Aldrich	A7906
Paraformaldehyde	Sigma Aldrich	P6148
Triton X-100	Sigma Aldrich	X100
Primary antibody mix
Anti-GFP-goat ab	Rockland	600-101-215	Dilution Factor: 1 : 1000
Anti-Arl13b mouse monoclonal ab	NeuroMab	75-287	Dilution Factor: 1 : 1000
Anti-Pax6 rabbit polyclonal ab	Covance	PRB-278P	Dilution Factor: 1 : 1000
Secondary antibody mix
Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-goat IgG	Invitrogen	A-11055	Dilution Factor: 1 : 1000
Alexa Fluor 555 donkey anti-mouse IgG	Invitrogen	A-31570	Dilution Factor: 1 : 1000
Alexa Fluor 647 donkey anti-rabbit IgG	Invitrogen	A-31573	Dilution Factor: 1 : 1000
DAPI	Thermo Scientific	62247	Dilution Factor: 1 : 1000
Electroporation
CU 500 cuvette chamber	Nepagene	CU500
EPA Electroporation cuvette (2 mm gap)	Nepagene	EC-002
Opti-MEM	Life Technologies LTD	31985070	reduced-serum medium for transfection
pEGFP-mSmo	Addgene	25395
Super Electroporator NEPA21 TYPE II In Vitro and In Vivo Electroporation	Nepagene	NEPA21	electroporator