High-speed Video Microscopy Analysis for First-line Diagnosis of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia

Summary

High-speed video microscopy analysis is a relatively easy-to-perform, fast, cost-effective, and, in experienced hands, a considerably reliable tool for first-line diagnostics of primary ciliary dyskinesia, which should be available in every center involved in diagnostics and the treatment of severe lung diseases.

Abstract

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a congenital disorder predominantly inherited in an autosomal recessive trait. The disorder causes disturbance in the motion of cilia, leading to severe impairment of mucociliary clearance (MCC). If undiagnosed or diagnosed too late, the condition leads to the development of bronchiectasis and serious damage to the lungs in later life. Most of the methods for diagnosing PCD are time-consuming and demand extensive economic resources to establish them. High-speed video microscopy analysis (HSVMA) is the only diagnostic tool to visualize and analyze living respiratory cells with beating cilia in vitro. It is fast, cost-effective, and, in experienced hands, very reliable as a diagnostic tool for PCD. In addition, classical diagnostic measures such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are not applicable for some mutations as morphological changes are absent.

This paper describes the process of collecting respiratory epithelial cells, the further preparation of the specimen, and the process of HSVMA. We also describe how brushed cells can be successfully kept unharmed and beating by keeping them in a nourishing medium for storage and transport to the investigation site in cases where a clinic does not possess the equipment to perform HSVMA. Also shown are videos with pathologic beating patterns from patients with a mutation in the dynein arm heavy chain 11 gene (DNAH11), which cannot be diagnosed with TEM; the result of an inconclusive HSVMA due to infection of the upper airways, as well as an unsuccessful brushing with superimposition of red blood cells. With this article, we would like to encourage every unit dealing with pulmonology patients and rare lung diseases to perform HSVMA as part of their daily routine diagnostics for PCD or send the specimens over to a center specializing in performing HSVMA.

Introduction

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare, hereditary genetic disorder, which causes disturbances in the movement of beating cilia. If undiagnosed, it leads to severe lung damage in later life due to severe impairment of MCC. In the past, its prevalence has been estimated to be in the range of 1:4,000 to 50,000. Due to steadily improving diagnostics and a growing awareness of the condition, updates on the prevalence of PCD suggest that it might be much more common and probably in the range of 1:4,000 to 20,000 instead^1,2. However, patients with PCD are still underdiagnosed or diagnosed too late^1,3. Therefore, infants with either congenital situs inversus and/or heterotaxy or perinatal rhinorrhea, neonatal respiratory distress, a blocked nose, and feeding difficulties should be suspects for PCD. In later life, chronic otitis, recurrent pneumonia, rhinosinusitis, and a chronic, typical wet cough due to impaired MCC are the hallmark symptoms of PCD, which in combination with bronchiectasis and impaired lung function, continue into adulthood².

Patients suspected of having PCD can be diagnosed by using different diagnostic tools. TEM has been considered the gold standard for first-line diagnostics in the past. However, up to 30% of PCD cases do not show abnormal ultrastructure^1,3,4,5,6, demanding a different diagnostic approach. Therefore, a growing number of centers and the guidelines of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) suggest a combination of nasal nitric oxide (nNO) and HSVMA as first-line diagnostics^1,7,9,10. HSVMA and nNO are also the most cost-effective options in identifying a patient with PCD¹¹. However, even if genetic testing were included in the diagnostics, it must be kept in mind that there is currently no stand-alone test or combination of tests that can exclude PCD with 100% certainty^8,9,10.

Out of the available diagnostic options, HSVMA is the only test that focuses on living, cilia-coated respiratory cells and evaluates ciliary beat pattern (CBP) and ciliary beat frequency (CBF). In contrast to TEM, the results of HSVMA are available quickly, usually on the day of testing, whereas results of TEM might arrive months after the specimen has been taken. HSVMA can be applied for all age groups, whereas nNO demands a high degree of compliance; attempts to use it under the age of 5 years are usually unsuccessful¹⁰. In experienced hands, HSVMA has excellent sensitivity and specificity to diagnose PCD at 100% and 96%, respectively¹².

This paper describes the step-by-step procedure to perform HSVMA, including the harvesting of cilia-coated respiratory cells from the inferior turbinate of the nose, the preservation of harvested cells in a cell-nourishing medium for transport to the site of investigation, and the process of microscopic video analysis to determine CBF and CBP. Additionally, some video clips from patients are shown, comparing normal CBPs and CBFs with abnormal cilia function (Video 3, Video 4, Video 5, Video 6, Video 7, and Video 8).

Protocol

Ethics Statement:

This study was approved by the local ethics committee (69/2017) and was conducted in compliance with the declaration of Helsinki.

1. Collection and transport of respiratory epithelial cells

1. Brushing
   1. Before brushing, administer a two-week course of oral amoxicillin-clavulanic acid to the patient to eradicate biofilms interfering with cilia function. Ensure the antibiotic is terminated 2 days before the procedure.
   2. To diminish an overlay of mucous material on the brushed epithelial cell strips, ask the patient to blow their nose thoroughly. Ask parents to help their small children blow their noses.
   3. For brushing, use an interdental brush of 0.6 mm size (see the Table of Materials). Keep the head of the patient fixed with one hand, and with the other hand, brush the inferior turbinate of both nostrils to collect sufficient epithelial cell strips.
      NOTE: A slight resistance is usually experienced when inserting the interdental brush deeply under the inferior turbinate. Nasal brushing is carried out by quick turning and picking for approximately 2 s. Longer and intense brushing might otherwise cause severe epithelial injury and consecutive epistaxis.
   4. If bronchoscopy is planned for reasons other than suspected PCD, collect samples during bronchoscopy by brushing the carina or bronchial epithelium or by biopsy¹³.
   5. Drop the harvested cell strips into a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube containing the cell-nourishing Dulbecco´s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM).
      NOTE: Epithelial cell strips usually drop off the brush more easily by tossing and turning the brush against the tube wall.
   6. Close the lid of the microcentrifuge tube and hold the tube against a light source. Shake the tube to discover harvested cell strips and conglomerates.
2. Transport of the specimen
   1. Place the microcentrifuge tubes in a tightly closed polystyrene box and ensure that the lid of the tubes is properly closed and the tubes are fixed inside the box.
   2. Add a cold pack; however, avoid freezing the specimen.
      NOTE: The optimal temperature for preserving the specimen before investigation is approximately 4-8 °C (39.2-46.4 °F).
   3. Ensure that the preserved samples are analyzed during the next 24 h.
      NOTE: In these experiments, the mean time between brushings and HSVMA was 3 h.

2. High-speed video microscopy analysis (HSVMA)

1. Video microscopy of the samples
   1. After receiving the microcentrifuge tubes containing the samples, warm them up to 37 °C (98.6 °F) to mimic an optimal, in vivo-like environment.
   2. If the microscope is equipped with a heating unit, place the tubes under the hood and warm them up there. Alternatively, use an incubator to warm up the samples.
   3. Start the camera and the software of the video unit on the PC.
   4. Using a pipette, take a small amount of the sample and place two drops into a cuvette or glass-bottom dish (see the Table of Materials). Cover the cuvette or dish with a lid and place it under the microscope.
   5. For evaluation of the samples, use a differential-interference microscope equipped with a cold-light source and a video camera able to record at high speed (at least 200 frames/s). Use an oil immersion lens with a 100x magnification and put a drop of immersion oil onto the surface of the optic.
      NOTE: Microscopes with a lens approaching from below are recommended.
   6. Approach the bottom of the dish with the microscope lens and search for cell clusters without red blood cells and with low mucus content. After finding a representative region of interest (ROI), focus on one specific group of beating cilia with the largest cilia movements and record a video sequence. Record cells with beating cilia sidewise and from above. After that, search for another representative cluster of cells and repeat the recording.
      NOTE: The cilia coated cells must be investigated under a 1,000x magnification, and beating cilia should be recorded with a digital high-speed video (DHSV) camera set on a frame rate of 200/s or more (256/s in this protocol). Because the data obtained from the recorded video clips requires a lot of space on the hard drive, an external SSD hard drive is recommended.
2. Analysis of video sequences
   1. To determine CBF and CBP, play the video clips back frame by frame.
   2. To determine CBF, set the frame rate into slow motion with 15 frames/s and count 10 consecutive beats.
   3. Record the number of frames passing by during a single cycle of 10 beats and insert the result into Eq (1). Determine the frequency by calculating the mean of all recorded cilia beat cycles and compare the result with the reference values for age (see Table 1)¹⁴.
      (1)
      Where X is the number of frames passing by during a cycle of 10 beats.
   4. For evaluating CBP, watch if the movement of the beating cilia is in full range (see Figure 1) and synchronized. Have two independent operators evaluate the CBP to prevent selection bias.
   5. Report the results of the HSVMA analysis to be either compatible, unlikely, or inconclusive with PCD.

Results

Video 1 and Video 2 show a normal control where CBF and CBP are in the normal range (see Figure 1). Video 3, Video 4, Video 5, and Video 6 represent two cases of PCD patients with a homozygous mutation in the DNAH11 gene (c.2341G > A; p. Glu781Lys)³. These representative videos were chosen because phenotypes of mutations in the DNAH11 ...

Discussion

Here, the diagnostic process for PCD using HSVMA is described and discussed in the light of first-line diagnostics. Despite being relatively easy to establish, cost-effective¹¹, and a reliable method in experienced hands¹², HSVMA is not a diagnostic measure without pitfalls. Abnormal CBF and CBP may be due to secondary infection, leading to inflammation of the broncho-respiratory epithelia¹⁵, and for the same reason, smoking individuals may have abno...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Amoxiciline-clavulanic acid	Orion Oyj		40 mg/kg divided in 2 doses/day, for adults 875/125 mg 1 tablet x2/day
Camera Software	Hamamatsu		HCI Image
Cold pack	any		for preservation and transport
Differential interference microscope	Carl Zeiss		Inverted, cell observer microscope
Digitial High Speed Video Camera	Hamamatsu		Orca Flash 4.0, digital camera type C11440
Dulbecco´s Modified Eagle Medium	Thermo Fisher	10565018	basal cell culture medium
Eppendorf tube	Eppendorf	30120086	1.5 mL tube
Glass-bottom microwell dish	MatTek	P35G-1.5-14-C	cuvette for microscopy
Heating Unit	Carl Zeiss/PeCon	810-450001	Carl Zeiss incubation elements with PeCon TempModule S1 temperature control
Interdental brush 0.6 mm	Doft	872267	Interdental brush on a long wire with a reusable handle and cap in zipbag
Objective	Carl Zeiss		100x/1.46, α Plan-Apochromat DIC objective
Small polystyrene box with lid	any		for transport