Extraction and Purification of FAHD1 Protein from Swine Kidney and Mouse Liver

Summary

This protocol describes how to extract fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase domain-containing protein 1 (FAHD1) from swine kidney and mouse liver. The listed methods may be adapted to other proteins of interest and modified for other tissues.

Abstract

Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase domain-containing protein 1 (FAHD1) is the first identified member of the FAH superfamily in eukaryotes, acting as oxaloacetate decarboxylase in mitochondria. This article presents a series of methods for the extraction and purification of FAHD1 from swine kidney and mouse liver. Covered methods are ionic exchange chromatography with fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), preparative and analytical gel filtration with FPLC, and proteomic approaches. After total protein extraction, ammonium sulfate precipitation and ionic exchange chromatography were explored, and FAHD1 was extracted via a sequential strategy using ionic exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. This representative approach may be adapted to other proteins of interest (expressed at significant levels) and modified for other tissues. Purified protein from tissue may support the development of high-quality antibodies, and/or potent and specific pharmacological inhibitors.

Introduction

The eukaryotic FAH domain-containing protein 1 (FAHD1) acts as bi-functional oxaloacetate (OAA) decarboxylase (ODx)¹ and acylpyruvate hydrolase (ApH)². It is localized in mitochondria² and belongs to the broad FAH superfamily of enzymes^1,2,3,4,5,6. While its ApH activity is only of minor relevance, the ODx activity of FAHD1 is involved in the regulation of the TCA cycle flux

Protocol

All experiments were performed in compliance with institutional guidelines. Swine kidney was obtained fresh from the local supermarket. Liver tissues were harvested from C57BL6 wild-type mice maintained at the Institute for Biomedical Aging Research at Innsbruck University, Rennweg 10, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria under the supervision of Univ.-Doz. Dr. Pidder Jansen-Dürr, covered by ethical permission as project leader issued in 2013 (BMWF-66.008/0007-II/3b/2013). Maintenance and use of the mice for the project are covered under ethical permission No. 2020-0.242.978 from May 5th, 2020, issued by the Austrian Ministry for Education, Science, and Research (BMBWF).

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Results

FAHD1 protein was extracted from swine kidney and mouse liver using the presented protocol. For mouse tissue, multiple organs are required to obtain several µg after the final purification step. For this reason, this article focuses on the extraction of FAHD1 from swine kidneys, which is a much more exemplary experiment. The extraction of FAHD1 from the mouse liver is performed to present the difficulties and possible pitfalls of this protocol. It is generally recommended to use organs that show a high expression level o.......

Discussion

Critical steps in the protocol
Following common guidelines for the handling of proteins is essential, such as working on ice and at moderate pH and salt conditions. The use of protease inhibitors is beneficial to the method, while the use of proteasome inhibitors is highly recommended. Freezing and thawing the sample may always result in protein precipitation (at least partially), so any thawed aliquot of initial protein lysate (step 2) should be processed continuously without a break. Centrifugati.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.22 µm filter units	MERCK	SLGP033RS	Millex-HP, 0.22 µm, PES 33 mm, not steril
0.45 µm filter units	MERCK	SLHP033NS	Millex-HP, 0.45 µm, PES 33 mm, not steril
15 mL Falcon tubes	VWR	734-0451	centrifugal tubes
50 mL Falcon tubes	VWR	734-0448	centrifugal tubes
96-Well UV Microplate	Thermo-Fischer	8404	UV/VIS transparent flat-bottom 96 well plates
Acrylamide/Bis Solution (40%, 29:1 ratio)	BIO-RAD	#1610147	40% acrylamide/bis-acrylamide, 29:1 (3.3% crosslinker) solution for casting polyacrylamide gels
ÄKTA FPLC system	GE Healthcare Life Sciences / Cytiva	-	using the FPLC system by GE Healthcare; different custom versions exist; this work used the "ÄKTA pure" system
Amicon Ultra-15, PLGC Ultracel-PL Membran, 10 kDa	MERCK	UFC901024	centrifigal filters for protein enrichment; 10 kDa molecular mass filter; 15 mL
Amicon Ultra-4, PLGC Ultracel-PL Membran, 10 kDa	MERCK	UFC801024	centrifigal filters for protein enrichment; 10 kDa molecular mass filter; 4 mL
Ammonium sulfate powder	MERCK	A4418	ammonium sulphate for molecular biology, ≥99.0%
Ammoniumpersulfat reagent grade, 98%	MERCK	215589	Catalyst for acrylamide gel polymerization.
Coomassie Brilliant blue R 250	MERCK	1125530025	Coomassie Brilliant blue R 250 (C.I. 42660) for electrophoresis Trademark of Imperial Chemical Industries PLC. CAS 6104-59-2, pH 6.2 (10 g/l, H2O, 25 °C)
Dialysis tubing cellulose membrane	MERCK	D9277	Cellulose membranes for the exchange of buffers via dialysis.
Eppendof tubes 1.5 mL	VWR	525-1042	microcentrifugal tubes; autoclaved
HiLoad 26/600 Superdex 75 pg	GE Healthcare Life Sciences / Cytiva	28989334	HiLoad Superdex 75 pg prepacked columns are for high-resolution size exclusion chromatography of recombinant proteins
Immun-Blot PVDF Membrane	BIO-RAD	#1620177	PVDF membranes are protein blotting membranes optimized for fluorescent and multiplex fluorescent applications.
Mini Trans-Blot Electrophoretic Transfer Cell	BIO-RAD	#1703930	Use the Mini Trans-Blot Cell for rapid blotting of Mini-PROTEAN precast and handcast gels.
Mini-PROTEAN Tetra Vertical Electrophoresis Cell for Mini Precast Gels	BIO-RAD	#1658004	4-gel vertical electrophoresis system, includes electrode assembly, companion running module, tank, lid with power cables, mini cell buffer dam.
Mono Q 10/100 GL	GE Healthcare Life Sciences / Cytiva	17516701	Mono Q columns are strong anion exchange chromatography columns for protein analysis or small scale, high resolution polishing of proteins.
Mono S 10/100 GL	GE Healthcare Life Sciences / Cytiva	17516901	Mono S columns are strong cation exchange chromatography columns for protein analysis or small scale high resolution polishing of proteins.
PageRuler Prestained Protein Ladder, 10 to 180 kDa	Thermo-Fischer	26616	A mixture of 10 blue-, orange-, and green-stained proteins (10 to 180 kDa) for use as size standards in protein electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and western blotting.
Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit	Thermo-Fischer	23225	A two-component, high-precision, detergent-compatible protein assay for determination of protein concentration.
Sonifier 250; Ultrasonic Cell Disruptor w/ Converter	Branson	-	New models at https://www.emerson.com/documents/automation/brochure-sonifier-sfx250-sfx550-cell-disruptors-homogenizers-branson-en-us-168180.pdf
Swine Anti-Rabbit Immunoglobulins/HRP (affinity isolated)	Agilent Dako	P0399	The antibody used for horseradish peroxidase conjugation reacts with rabbit immunoglobulins of all classes.
TEMED, 1,2-Bis(dimethylamino)ethane, TMEDA	MERCK	T9281	TEMED (N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethylethylenediamine) is molecule which allows rapid polymerization of polyacrylamide gels.
Tube Roller	-	-	A general tube rotator roller; e.g. a new model at https://labstac.com/de/Mixer/Roller/c/71
Tube Rotator	-	-	A general tube rotator wheel; e.g. a new model at https://labstac.com/de/Tube-Roller/p/MT123
ULTRA-TURRAX; T 25 digital	IKA	0003725000	New models at https://www.ika.com/de/Produkte-Lab-Eq/Dispergierer-Dipergiergeraet-Homogenisierer-Homogenisator-csp-177/T-25-digital-ULTRA-TURRAX-cpdt-3725000/