Performing In Vivo and Ex Vivo Electrical Impedance Myography in Rodents

Summary

This article details how to perform in vivo (using surface and needle electrode arrays) and ex vivo (using a dielectric cell) electrical impedance myography on the rodent gastrocnemius muscle. It will demonstrate the technique in both mice and rats and detail the modifications available, (i.e., obese animals, pups).

Abstract

Electrical impedance myography (EIM) is a convenient technique that can be used in preclinical and clinical studies to assess muscle tissue health and disease. EIM is obtained by applying a low-intensity, directionally focused, electrical current to a muscle of interest across a range of frequencies (i.e., from 1 kHz to 10 MHz) and recording the resulting voltages. From these, several standard impedance components, including the reactance, resistance, and phase, are obtained. When performing ex vivo measurements on excised muscle, the inherent passive electrical properties of the tissue, namely the conductivity and relative permittivity, can also be calculated. EIM has been used extensively in animals and humans to diagnose and track muscle alterations in a variety of diseases, in relation to simple disuse atrophy, or as a measure of therapeutic intervention. Clinically, EIM offers the potential to track disease progression over time and to assess the impact of therapeutic interventions, thus offering the opportunity to shorten the clinical trial duration and reduce sample size requirements. Because it can be performed noninvasively or minimally invasively in living animal models as well as humans, EIM offers the potential to serve as a novel translational tool enabling both preclinical and clinical development. This article provides step-by-step instructions on how to perform in vivo and ex vivo EIM measurements in mice and rats, including approaches to adapt the techniques to specific conditions, such as for use in pups or obese animals.

Introduction

Electrical impedance myography (EIM) provides a powerful method to assess muscle condition, potentially enabling the diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders, tracking of disease progression, and assessment of response to therapy^1,2,3. It can be applied analogously to animal disease models and humans, allowing for relatively seamless translation from preclinical to clinical studies. EIM measurements are easily obtained using four linearly-placed electrodes, with the two outer ones applying a painless, weak electrical current across a range of frequencies (generally between 1 kHz ....

Protocol

All methods described here have been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center under protocol numbers (031-2019; 025-2019). Wear proper PPE equipment to handle animals and adhere to IACUC guidelines for all animal work.

1. In vivo surface EIM

1. Place the animal in an anesthesia box to induce anesthesia.
   NOTE: For rats, 1.5%-3.5% isoflurane and 2 O₂ L·min^-1 were used, and for mice, 2% isoflurane and 1 O₂ L·min^-1 were used.
2. Once fully anesthetized, as indicated by the absence of r....

Results

EIM can be obtained in many conditions, including surface in vivo arrays (Figure 1), needle in vivo arrays (Figure 2A-F), and ex vivo dielectric cells (Figure 2G,H).

EIM provides a near-instantaneous snapshot of the muscle condition based on the measured impedance values. Measurements are acquired swiftly and result in a simple .......

Discussion

This article provides the basic methods for performing EIM in rodents, both in vivo and ex vivo. To acquire reliable measurements, it is critical to perform a series of steps. First, one needs to properly identify the muscle of interest, as each muscle will have different responses to diseases, treatment, and pathology. One must be mindful that the data acquired on one muscle (e.g., gastrocnemius) will not provide the same information as on another muscle (e.g., tibialis anterior). Second, one needs to .......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
3D Printer	Formlabs Inc.	Form 2 Desktop	3D printer
3D Printer	Shenzhen Creality 3D Technology Co. LTD	Creality Ender 3 V2	3D printer
3M Micropore surgical tape	Fisher	19-027761 and 19-061655	models 1530-0 and 1530-1
3M TRANSPORE surgical tape	Fisher	18-999-380 and 18-999-381	models 1527-0 and 1527-1
Connector header vertical 10 POS 1 mm spacing	Digi-Key (Sullins connector solution)	S9214-ND (SMH100-LPSE-S10-ST-BK)	Plastic spacer 1 mm holes for the rat in vivo array displayed in Figure 2A
Cotton-tipped applicators	Fisher	22-363-172
Dental Wax	Fisher	NC9377103
Depilatory agent	NAIR	NA	hair remover lotion with softening baby oil
Dumont #7b Forceps	Fine Science Tools	No. 11270-20	Used for dissection, Style: #7b, Tip Shape: Curved, Tips: Standard, Tip Dimensions: 0.17 mm x 0.1 mm, Alloy/Material: Inox, Length: 11 cm
Electronic Digital Caliper	Fisher	14-648-17	Used to measure out the dimensions of the Gastrocnemius muscle
Epoxy adhesive dual cartridge 4 min work life	Devcon	series 14265, model 2217	Glue used in the rat in vivo array displayed in Figure 2A
Ex vivo dielectric impedance cell	Custom	NA	Dielectric cells were 3D printed in the Rutkove laboratory
Graefe Forceps	Fine Science Tools	No. 11051-10	Used for muscle to place and adjust, Length: 10 cm, Tip Shape: Curved, Tips: Serrated, Tip Width: 0.8 mm, Tip Dimensions: 0.8 mm x 0.7 mm, Alloy/Material
Hair clipper	Amazon	NA	Wahl professional animal BravMini+
Impedance Animal Device	Myolex	EIM1103	mView system - investigational electrical impedance myography device for use in animal research
In vivo needle arrays	Custom	NA	Custom arrays using 27 G subdermal needles from Ambu. The construction was finalized using a 3D printer in the Rutkove laboratory
In vivo surface array	Custom	NA	The in vivo surface array was printed and assembled in the Rutkove laboratory
Isoflurane	Patterson Veterinary Supplies	07-893-8441 (NDC: 46066-755-04)	Pivetal - 250 mL bottle
Non-woven gauze	Fisher	22-028-559	2 x 2 inch
Polystyrene Weighing Dishes	Fisher	S67090A	Dimensions (L x W x H): 88.9 mm x 88.9 mm x 25.4 mm
Razor Blades	Fisher	12-640	Used to cut muscle to right dimensions, Single-edge carbon steel blades
Student Fine Scissors	Fine Science Tools	No. 91460-11	Used for dissection, Tips: Sharp-Sharp, Alloy/Material: Student Stainless Steel, Serrated: No, Tip Shape: Straight, Cutting Edge: 20 mm, Length: 11.5 cm, Feature: Student Quality
Subdermal needles 27 G Neuroline	Ambu	745 12-50/24	Needles used in the rat in vivo array displayed in Figure 2A
Surgical Scissors - Sharp	Fine Science Tools	No. 14002-13	Used to cut skin, Tips: Sharp-Sharp, Alloy/Material: Stainless Steel, Serrated: No, Tip Shape: Straight, Cutting Edge: 42 mm, Length: 13 cm
TECA ELITE monopolar needle electrodes	Natus	902-DMG50-S	0.46 mm diameter (26 G). Blue hub
Teknova 0.9% saline solution	Fisher	S5815	1000 mL sterile