Mycobacterium tuberculosis Extracellular Vesicle Enrichment through Size Exclusion Chromatography

Summary

This protocol describes size exclusion chromatography, a facile and reproducible technique for enriching Mycobacterium tuberculosis extracellular vesicles from culture supernatants.

Abstract

The role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the context of bacterial infection has emerged as a new avenue for understanding microbial physiology. Specifically, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) EVs play a role in the host-pathogen interaction and response to environmental stress. Mtb EVs are also highly antigenic and show potential as vaccine components. The most common method for purifying Mtb EVs is density gradient ultracentrifugation. This process has several limitations, including low throughput, low yield, reliance on expensive equipment, technical challenges, and it can negatively impact the resulting preparation. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is a gentler alternative method that combats many of the limitations of ultracentrifugation. This protocol demonstrates that SEC is effective for Mtb EV enrichment and produces high-quality Mtb EV preparations of increased yield in a rapid and scalable manner. Additionally, a comparison to density gradient ultracentrifugation by quantification and qualification procedures demonstrates the benefits of SEC. While the evaluation of EV quantity (nanoparticle tracking analysis), phenotype (transmission electron microscopy), and content (Western blotting) is tailored to Mtb EVs, the workflow provided can be applied to other mycobacteria.

Introduction

Extracellular vesicle (EV) release by pathogens may be the key to unlocking new technologies to control infectious diseases¹. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a pathogen of high consequence, infecting approximately one-third of the world's population and claiming the lives of millions of people each year². EV production by Mtb is well documented yet elusive in the biogenesis and varied roles (i.e., immunostimulatory, immunosuppressive, iron and nutrient acquisition) of these EVs in the context of infection^3,4,5. ....

Protocol

The Colorado State University Institutional Biosafety Committee approved the present study (19-046B). Cultivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and harvesting of EV-rich culture supernatants were performed by trained personnel in a high-containment laboratory. The materials were moved out of the high-containment area after a valid inactivation method was performed, confirmed, and approved by institutional biosafety policies. While replicating the protocol, if validated inactivation or sterile filtration method is not feasible, the following procedures need to be performed in a high-containment laboratory.

1. Preparation of cr....

Results

Culture filtrate protein (CFP) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) was concentrated, quantified, and then 3 mg of material was applied to a size exclusion chromatography (SEC) column. The protein and particle concentrations were enumerated by BCA and NTA, respectively. Expected ranges for protein and particle recovery plus the exact values obtained for these results are reported in Table 1. Values much higher than these ranges may indicate contamination or column integrity issues. Values signi.......

Discussion

Mycobacterium tuberculosis extracellular vesicles are highly antigenic reservoirs, which present them as an attractive avenue for developing diagnostic tools and future vaccines^4,19,20. Historically, density gradient ultracentrifugation has been used to separate Mtb EVs from other soluble, secreted material⁸. While this process is effective, it is also time-consuming, technically challenging, and.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
20x MES SDS Running Buffer	ThermoFisher Scientific	NP0002
96 well plate	Corning	15705-066
Automatic Fraction Collector	IZON Science	AFC-V1-USD
BenchMark Pre-stained Protein Ladder	Invitrogen	10748010
Benchtop centrifuge	Beckman Coulter	Allegra 6R
Centricon Plus - 70 Centrifugal filter, 100 kDa cutoff	Millipore Sigma	UFC710008	Ultrafiltration device used in step 1.1
Electroblotting System	ThermoFisher Scientific	09-528-135
EM Grade Paraformaldehyde	Electron Microscopy Sciences	15714-S
Formvar/Carbon 200 mesh Cu Grids	Electron Microscopy Sciences	FCF200H-Cu-TA
Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (Alkaline Phosphatase), whole molecule, 1 mL	AbCam	ab6790	Secondary antibody
JEM-1400 Transmission Electron Microscope	JOEL
Micro BCA Protein Assay Kit	ThermoFisher Scientific	23235
Microplate reader	BIOTEK	Epoch
Monoclonal Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis GroES (Gene Rv3814c)	BEI Resources	NR-49223	Primary antibody
Monoclonal Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis LpqH (Gene Rv3763)	BEI Resources	NR-13792	Primary antibody
Monocolonal Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis LAM, Clone CS-35	BEI Resources	NR-13811	Primary antibody
NanoClean 1070	Fischione Instruments		For plasma cleaning of the TEM grid
Nanosight equipped with syringe pump and computer with NanoSight NTA software	Malvern Panalytical	NS300
Nitrocellulose membrane, Roll, 0.2 μm	BioRad	1620112
NuPAGE 4-12% Bis-Tris Protein Gels	ThermoFisher Scientific	NP0323BOX
Phosphate-buffered Saline, 1X without calcium and magnesium	Corning	21-040-CV
Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit	ThermoFisher Scientific	23225
PowerPac Basic Power Supply	BioRad	1645050
qEV Original 35 nm 5/pk	IZON Science	SP5-USD	SEC column
SDS sample buffer	Boster	AR1112	In-house recipe used in this procedure, however this product is equivalent
SDS-PAGE gel chamber	ThermoFisher Scientific	EI0001
Sigmafast BCIP/NBT	Millipore Sigma	B5655
Silver Stain Plus Kit	BioRad	1610449	In-house protocol used in this procedure, however this kit is equivalent
Uranyl Acetate	Electron Microscopy Sciences	22400