Non-Destructive Evaluation of Regional Cell Density Within Tumor Aggregates Following Drug Treatment

Summary

The present protocol develops an image-based technique for rapid, non-destructive, and label-free regional cell density and viability measurement within 3D tumor aggregates. Findings revealed a cell-density gradient, with higher cell densities in core regions than outer layers in developing aggregates and predominantly peripheral cell death in HER2+ aggregates treated with Trastuzumab.

Abstract

Multicellular tumor spheroid (MCTSs) models have demonstrated increasing utility for in vitro study of cancer progression and drug discovery. These relatively simple avascular constructs mimic key aspects of in vivo tumors, such as 3D structure and pathophysiological gradients. MCTSs models can provide insights into cancer cell behavior during spheroid development and in response to drugs; however, their requisite size drastically limits the tools used for non-destructive assessment. Optical Coherence Tomography structural imaging and Imaris 3D analysis software are explored for rapid, non-destructive, and label-free measurement of regional cell density within MCTSs. This approach is utilized to assess MCTSs over a 4-day maturation period and throughout an extended 5-day treatment with Trastuzumab, a clinically relevant anti-HER2 drug. Briefly, AU565 HER2+ breast cancer MCTSs were created via liquid overlay with or without the addition of Matrigel (a basement membrane matrix) to explore aggregates of different morphologies (thicker, disk-like 2.5D aggregates or flat 2D aggregates, respectively). Cell density within the outer region, transitional region, and inner core was characterized in matured MCTSs, revealing a cell-density gradient with higher cell densities in core regions compared to outer layers. The matrix addition redistributed cell density and enhanced this gradient, decreasing outer zone density and increasing cell compaction in the cores. Cell density was quantified following drug treatment (0 h, 24 h, 5 days) within progressively deeper 100 µm zones to assess potential regional differences in drug response. By the final timepoint, nearly all cell death appeared to be constrained to the outer 200 µm of each aggregate, while cells deeper in the aggregate appeared largely unaffected, illustrating regional differences in the drug response, possibly due to limitations in drug penetration. The current protocol provides a unique technique to non-destructively quantify regional cell density within dense cellular tissues and measure it longitudinally.

Introduction

Researchers have largely turned to benchtop 3D culture in vitro systems to study some of the key features of tumor progression. Much of this research has been led by the re-emergence of multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTSs) and more complex organoids^1,2. Although these models are avascular, they provide a powerful tool for recapitulating physiological and pathological processes that occur in vivo^3,4,5. In particular, medium-sized models (300-500 µm diameter) can mimic key tumor features such as ....

Protocol

AU565 (HER2+) and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines were used for the present study (see Table of Materials).

1. Preparing tumor aggregates

1. Prepare AU565 (HER2+) breast cancer cell growth media using Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 basal medium (+) in L-glutamine supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (see Table of Materials).
2. Prepare MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cell growth media using Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U/mL of penicillin/s....

Results

In a prior publication, a method was established for the non-destructive measurement of global cell density within cellular aggregates using OCT¹⁰. Herein, this technique is extended to assess the regional cell density of developing cell aggregates. Figure 1 shows a schematic of this extension, where cell density can be evaluated in concentric layers of a spheroid or more locally by looking instead at small (100 µm diameter) spherical plugs, denoted by the yellow circ.......

Discussion

Significance
Multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTSs) are powerful 3D in vitro models for studying tumor progression and drug screening^1,2,3. Advancing the utility of these relatively simple aggregate models relies heavily on the characterization of their key features, such as morphology and cell density, which are known to influence both tumor model progression and therapeutic response. However, the.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
96 well plates	Greiner Bio-One	650970	CellStar Cell-Repellent Surface, https://shop.gbo.com/en/usa/products/bioscience/cell-culture-products/cellstar-cell-repellent-surface/
0.25% trypsin, 2.21 mM EDTA	Corning	25-053-CI
AU565 breast cancer cells	ATCC
Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium	Corning	10-013-CV
Fetal Bovine Serum	ATCC	30-2020
FIJI software	open-source	(Fiji Is Just) ImageJ v2.1/1.5.3j	Downloaded from https://imagej.net/software/fiji/
Hemocytometer	Fisher Scientific	0267151B
Imaris image analysis software	Bitplane		Current version 9.8
L-glutamine	Lonza	17-605E
Matrigel	Corning	354263
MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells	ATCC
Microscope	Zeiss	Z1 AxioVision
Penicilin streptomycin	Corning	30-0002CI
Plate centrifuge	Eppendorf
RPMI medium 1640	Gibco	11875-085
Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography	ThorLabs	TEL220C1
T75 cell culture flasks	Greiner Bio-One	658175
Trastuzumab			Remnant clinical samples of Trastuzumab were used in this study, generously gifted by the Albany Medical College Pharmacy.