Isolation of Small Preantral Follicles from the Bovine Ovary Using a Combination of Fragmentation, Homogenization, and Serial Filtration

Summary

Advancing the study of preantral folliculogenesis requires efficient methods of follicle isolation from single ovaries. Presented here is a streamlined, mechanical protocol for follicle isolation from bovine ovaries using a tissue chopper and homogenizer. This method allows collection of a large number of viable preantral follicles from a single ovary.

Abstract

Understanding the full process of mammalian folliculogenesis is crucial for improving assisted reproductive technologies in livestock, humans, and endangered species. Research has been mostly limited to antral and large preantral follicles due to difficulty in the isolation of smaller preantral follicles, especially in large mammals such as bovine species. This work presents an efficient approach to retrieve large numbers of small preantral follicles from a single bovine ovary. The cortex of individual bovine ovaries was sliced into 500 µm cubes using a tissue chopper and homogenized for 6 min at 9,000-11,000 rpm using a 10 mm probe. Large debris was separated from the homogenate using a cheese cloth, followed by serial filtration through 300 µm and 40 µm cell strainers. The contents retained in the 40 µm strainer were rinsed into a search dish, where follicles were identified and collected into a drop of medium. The viability of the collected follicles was tested via trypan blue staining. This method enables the isolation of a large number of viable small preantral follicles from a single bovine ovary in approximately 90 min. Importantly, this method is entirely mechanical and avoids the use of enzymes to dissociate the tissue, which may damage the follicles. The follicles obtained using this protocol can be used for downstream applications such as isolation of RNA for RT-qPCR, immunolocalization of specific proteins, and in vitro culture.

Introduction

Ovarian follicles are the functional units of the ovary, responsible for production of the gamete (oocyte) as well as hormones critical for reproductive function and overall health. Primordial follicles form in the ovary during fetal development or in the neonatal period depending on the species¹, and they constitute a female's ovarian reserve. Follicular growth begins with the activation of primordial follicles that leave the resting pool and enter the growing phase. Preantral folliculogenesis, encompassing all follicle stages before antrum development, is a highly dynamic process that requires synchronous morphological and metabolic chang....

Protocol

Bovine (Bos taurus) ovaries were sourced from a local abattoir and transported to the laboratory within 6 h of collection. Due to the large number of animals processed in the facility, the age, breed, and stage of the estrus cycle of the animals are unknown. Because no live animals were used in these experiments, an approved animal care and use protocol was not required.

1. Preparation of equipment and reagents

1. Cover a 2 ft wide section of a lab bench with bench paper.
2. Obtain a scalpel handle, sterile scalpel blade, hemostat, pair of dissection forceps, 20 mL luer-lock syringe, 18 G needle, tw....

Results

Overview and critical steps
Using this protocol, small bovine preantral follicles can be reliably isolated from single ovaries in experimentally relevant numbers. From a total of 30 replicates, an average of 41 follicles were obtained per replicate, with a range of 11 to 135 follicles (Figure 4A). In 14 replicates, the follicles were characterized for stage of development as previously described²⁶ by measuring the follicle diameter using a 1 µm mi.......

Discussion

The present protocol details a reproducible method to retrieve early stage preantral follicles, specifically at primary and early secondary stages, from the bovine ovary. This protocol builds on previous reports^{20,25,30,34,35,36} and provides optimizations that result in the isolation of a meaningful number of follicles from a.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
5-3/4" Soda Lime Disposable Glass Pasteur Pipette	Duran Wheaton Kimble	63A54	Pasteur pipette that can be used to dislodge follicles from debris while searching within the petri dish
16% Paraformaldehyde	Electron Microscopy Sciences	15710	Diluted to 4%; fixation of follicles for immunostaining
20 mL Luer-lock Syringe	Fisher Scientific	Z116882-100EA	Syringe used with the 18 G needle to dislodge follicles from the 40 μm cell strainer
#21 Sterile Scalpel Blade	Fisher Scientific	50-365-023	Used to cut the ovaries and remove the medula
40 μm Cell Strainer	Fisher Scientific	22-363-547	Used to filter the filtrate from the 300 μm cell strainer
104 mm Plastic Funnel	Fisher Scientific	10-348C	Size can vary, but ensure the cheese cloth is cut appropriately and that the ovarian homogenate will not spill over
300 μm Cell Strainer	pluriSelect	43-50300-03	Used to filter the filtrate from the cheese cloth
500 mL Erlenmeyer Flask	Fisher Scientific	FB500500	Funnel and flask used to catch filtrate from the cheese cloth
Air-Tite Sterile Needles 18 G	Thermo Fisher Scientific	14-817-151	18 G offers enough pressure to dislodge follicles from the 40 μm cell strainer
Air-Tite Sterile Needles 27 G 13 mm	Fisher Scientific	14-817-171	Needles that can be used to manipulate any debris in which follicles are stuck
BD Hoechst 33342 Solution	Fisher Scientific	BDB561908	Fluorescent DNA stain
Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)	Sigma-Aldrich	A7030-100G	Component of follicle wash media
Cheese Cloth	Electron Microscopy Sciences	71748-00	First filtering step of the ovarian homogenate meant to remove large tissue debris
Classic Double Edge Safety Razor Blades	Wilkinson Sword	N/A	Razor blades that fit the best in the McIlwain Tissue Chopper and do not dull quickly
Donkey-Anti-Rabbit Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 488	Fisher Scientific	A-21206	Secondary antibody for immunostaining
Eisco Latex Pipette Bulbs	Fisher Scientific	S29388	Rubber bulb to use with Pasteur pipettes
HEPES Buffer	Sigma-Aldrich	H3375	Component of follicle wash media
Homogenizer	VWR	10032-336	Homogenize the ovarian tissue to release follicles
ImageJ/Fiji	NIH	v2.3.1	Software used for analysis of fluorescence-immunolocalization
McIlwain Tissue Chopper	Ted Pella	10184	Used to cut ovarian tissue small enough for homogenization
Microscope - Stereoscope	Olympus	SZX2-ILLT	Dissection microscope used for searching and harvesting follicles from the filtrate
Microscope - Inverted	Nikon	Diaphot 300	Inverted microscope used for high magnification brightfield visualization of isolated follicles
Microscope - Inverted	ECHO	Revolve R4	Inverted microscope used for high magnification brightfield and epifluorescence visualization of isolated follicles
Mineral Oil	Sigma-Aldrich	M8410-1L	Oil to cover the drops of follicle wash medium to prevent evaporation during searching
Non-essential Amino Acids (NEAA)	Gibco	11140-050	Component of follicle wash medium
Normal Donkey Serum	Jackson ImmunoResearch	017-000-001	Reagent for immunostaining blocking buffer
Nunc 4-well Dishes for IVF	Thermo Fisher Scientific	144444	4-well dishes for follicle isolation and washing
Penicillin-Streptomycin Solution 100x	Gibco	15-140-122	Component of follicle wash medium
Petri Dish 60 mm OD x 13.7 mm	Ted Pella	10184-04	Petri dish that fits the best in the McIlwain Tissue Chopper
Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)	Fisher Scientific	BP665-1	Washing buffer for ovaries and follicles
Plastic Cutting Board	Fisher Scientific	09-002-24A	Cutting board of sufficient size to safely cut ovaries
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)	Fisher Scientific	BP431-100	Addition of PVP (0.1% w/v) to PBS prevents follicles from sticking to the plate or each other
ProLong Gold Antifade Mountant	Thermo Fisher Scientific	P36930	Mounting medium for fluorescently labeled cells or tissue
Qiagen RNeasy Micro Kit	Qiagen	74004	RNA column clean-up kit
R	The R Foundation	v4.1.2	Statistical analysis software
Rabbit-Anti-Human Cx37/GJA4 Polyclonal Antibody	Abcam	ab181701	Cx37 primary antibody for immunostaining
RevertAid RT Reverse Transcription Kit	Thermo Fisher Scientific	K1691	cDNA synthesis kit
Rstudio	RStudio, PBC	v2021.09.2	Statistical analysis software
Sodium Hydroxide Solution (1N/Certified)	Fisher Scientific	SS266-1	Used to increase media pH to 7.6-7.8
Sodium Pyruvate (NaPyr)	Gibco	11360-070	Component of follicle wash medium
Square Petri Dish 100 mm x 15 mm	Thermo Fisher Scientific	60872-310	Gridded petri dishes allow for more efficient identification of follicles
SsoAdvanced Universal SYBR Green Supermix	BioRad	1725271	Mastermix for PCR reaction
Steritop Threaded Bottle Top Filter	Sigma-Aldrich	S2GPT02RE	Used to sterilize follicle wash medium
SYBR-safe DNA gel stain	Thermo Fisher Scientific	S33102	Staining to visual PCR products on agarose gel
TCM199 with Hank’s Salts	Gibco	12-350-039	Component of follicle wash medium
Triton X-100	Fisher Scientific	BP151-100	Detergent for immunostaining permeabilization buffer
Trizol reagent	Thermo Fisher Scientific	15596026	RNA isolation reagent
Trypan Blue Solution, 0.4%	Gibco	15-250-061	Used for testing viability of isolated follicles
Tween 20			Detergent for immunostaining wash buffer
Warmer Plate Universal	WTA	20931	Warm plate to keep follicles at 38.5 °C while searching under the microscope
Wiretrol II Calibrated Micropipets	Drummond	50002-005	Glass micropipettes to manipulate follicles