In Vitro Myelination of Peripheral Axons in a Coculture of Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Explants and Schwann Cells

Summary

In the coculture system of dorsal root ganglia and Schwann cells, myelination of the peripheral nervous system can be studied. This model provides experimental opportunities to observe and quantify peripheral myelination and to study the effects of compounds of interest on the myelin sheath.

Abstract

The process of myelination is essential to enable rapid and sufficient signal transduction in the nervous system. In the peripheral nervous system, neurons and Schwann cells engage in a complex interaction to control the myelination of axons. Disturbances of this interaction and breakdown of the myelin sheath are hallmarks of inflammatory neuropathies and occur secondarily in neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we present a coculture model of dorsal root ganglion explants and Schwann cells, which develops a robust myelination of peripheral axons to investigate the process of myelination in the peripheral nervous system, study axon-Schwann cell interactions, and evaluate the potential effects of therapeutic agents on each cell type separately. Methodologically, dorsal root ganglions of embryonic rats (E13.5) were harvested, dissociated from their surrounding tissue, and cultured as whole explants for 3 days. Schwann cells were isolated from 3-week-old adult rats, and sciatic nerves were enzymatically digested. The resulting Schwann cells were purified by magnetic-activated cell sorting and cultured under neuregulin and forskolin-enriched conditions. After 3 days of dorsal root ganglion explant culture, 30,000 Schwann cells were added to one dorsal root ganglion explant in a medium containing ascorbic acid. The first signs of myelination were detected on day 10 of coculture, through scattered signals for myelin basic protein in immunocytochemical staining. From day 14 onward, myelin sheaths were formed and propagated along the axons. Myelination can be quantified by myelin basic protein staining as a ratio of the myelination area and axon area, to account for the differences in axonal density. This model provides experimental opportunities to study various aspects of peripheral myelination in vitro, which is crucial for understanding the pathology of and possible treatment opportunities for demyelination and neurodegeneration in inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases of the peripheral nervous system.

Introduction

In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), rapid information transduction is mediated by myelin-enwrapped axons. The myelination of axons is essential to enable the fast propagation of electric impulses, since the conduction velocity of the nerve fibers correlates to the axon diameter and myelin thickness¹. Sensory signaling from the periphery to the central nervous system (CNS) relies on the activation of first-order sensory neurons that reside in enlargements of the dorsal root, termed dorsal root ganglia (DRG). For the formation and maintenance of myelin, continuous communication between axons and Schwann cells, which are the myelinating Glia cells in the PNS, is mandatory².

Many diseases of the PNS disturb the transduction of information by either primary axonal or demyelinating damage, resulting in hypesthesia or dysesthesia. First-order sensory neurons have the ability to regenerate to an extent after neuronal damage, by a complex interaction between the neuron and surrounding Schwann cells³. In this case, Schwann cells can undergo cellular reprogramming to clear axonal as well as myelin debris and promote axonal regeneration, resulting in remyelination⁴. Understanding the mechanisms of myelination in health and disease is important, in order to find possible treatment options for demyelinating disorders of the PNS. Myelin can also be damaged by acute neurotrauma, and approaches to promote myelination to advance functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury are under investigation⁵.

Our knowledge of peripheral myelination has benefited largely from myelinating cocultures of Schwann cells and sensory neurons. Since the first approaches were applied^6,7,8, myelination has been studied intensely with the use of different coculture systems^9,10,11. Here, we provide a rapid and facile protocol for robust in vitro myelination of dorsal root ganglion axons. The protocol for Schwann cell preparation is based on the protocol by Andersen et al.¹², previously published in Pitarokoili et al.¹³. We use Schwann cells derived from juvenile rats and embryonic DRG explant cultures for the coculture, in which myelination occurs at around day 14. The goal of the method is to provide a system to investigate the formation of myelin as a result of direct axon-Schwann cell interaction, and to study modulators of PNS myelination. In comparison to dissociated neuronal cell cultures, DRG explants are more anatomically preserved and form long axonal processes. Quantification of the myelinated axon area provides a sufficient readout for myelination in the coculture. The method is a valuable tool to screen therapeutic compounds for their potential effect on PNS myelination, and can also be utilized in addition to in vivo studies in animal models¹⁴.

Protocol

All procedures were performed in accordance with the European Communities Council Directive for the care and use of laboratory animals.

1. Schwann cell culture

1. Coating for Schwann cell culture
   1. Coat the cell culture dishes under sterile conditions. Apply 2 mL of 0.01% poly-L-lysine (PLL) to two 60 mm tissue culture (TC) dishes each and incubate overnight at 4 °C.
   2. Remove the PLL, wash the TC dishes 2x with distilled water, and incubate with 2 mL of 1 µg/cm² laminin overnight at 4 °C. Wash the TC dishes 2x with aqua dest, and let the plates air-dry.
2. Medium preparation for Schwann cell culture
   1. Prepare 50 mL of Schwann cell medium by adding 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS), 2 µM forskolin, 10 nM neuregulin, and 50 µg/mL gentamycin to Dulbecco′s Modified Eagle′s Medium (DMEM)/F-12 (high glucose) under sterile conditions.
   2. Prepare 70 mL of Leibovitz's L-15 medium with 50 µg/mL gentamycin under sterile conditions.
3. Sciatic nerve preparation
   NOTE: All sciatic nerve preparation steps are performed under a clean bench.
   1. Prepare one 100 mm TC dish with 5 mL of ice-cold Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) without Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, one 100 mm TC dish with 5 mL of ice-cold Leibovitz's L-15 medium, and one 100 mm TC dish with 5 mL of ice-cold Leibovitz's L-15 medium and 50 µg/mL gentamycin.
   2. Clean all the instruments by autoclaving. Spray the instruments and working area with 70% ethanol.
   3. Euthanize five 3-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats using CO₂ inhalation and decapitation. Spray the rat's torso with 70% ethanol.
   4. Open the dorsal lower left limb with scissors and remove the biceps femoris muscle carefully. Loosen the sciatic nerve by smooth elevation with curved forceps, ensuring not to bruise the nerve.
   5. Hold the most proximal part of the nerve with the curved forceps to straighten the nerve, and clip the nerve as high as possible using scissors. Then, clip the nerve close to the sacral plexus and the paw with scissors. Repeat steps 1.3.4-1.3.5 for the right side.
      NOTE: While opening the limb, take care not to bruise any blood vessels.
   6. Using forceps, put the left and right sciatic nerves into a 100 mm TC dish with ice-cold DPBS.
4. Sciatic nerve refurbishment
   1. Use forceps to transfer all the nerves to a 100 mm TC dish with ice-cold Leibovitz's L-15 medium and 50 µg/mL gentamycin. Continue using a stereomicroscope and remove fat, muscle, and blood vessels from the nerves with two pairs of fine forceps. Grab the nerves with forceps and transfer them to a 100 mm TC dish with ice-cold Leibovitz's L-15 medium.
   2. Identify the proximal and distal ends of the sciatic nerve. Remove the epineurium with one pair of fine forceps in a proximal to distal direction, while holding the proximal nerve end with the second pair of fine forceps.
   3. Transfer the purified nerves to a 100 mm TC dish with ice-cold Leibovitz's L-15 medium and 50 µg/mL gentamycin. Tease the isolated nerve fascicles to separate and isolate single nerve fibers using two pairs of fine forceps.
   4. Transfer the nerve fibers to a 50 mL tube using a 10 mL serological pipette and take up as little medium as possible. Add 50 mL of Leibovitz's L-15 medium with 50 µg/mL gentamycin to the nerve fibers and slew a few times in the 50 mL tube.
5. Enzymatic digestion of the sciatic nerve
   ​NOTE: The next steps (steps 1.5-1.8, 2.1, and 2.2) are performed under sterile conditions.
   1. Prepare the enzymatic digestion solution containing 0.25% dispase II, 0.05% type I collagenase, and 50 µg/mL gentamycin in 10 mL of DMEM (high glucose).
   2. Centrifuge the tube at 188 x g for 5 min at 4 °C, remove the supernatant with a 25 mL serological pipette ,and transfer the pellet with the remaining Leibovitz's L-15 medium into a 60 mm TC dish using a 1,000 mL pipette.
   3. Rinse the 50 mL tube with 10 mL of the enzymatic digestion solution and add it to the dish containing the nerve fibers. Distribute the tissue in the dish carefully with the tip of a pipette to maximize the accessible surface for digestion.
   4. Incubate at 37 °C and 5% CO₂ for 18 h, and stop the digestion by adding 10 mL of 40% FCS in Hanks' balanced salt solution, without Ca² and Mg²⁺ (HBSS).
6. Cell separation
   1. Transfer the digested nerves into a 50 mL tube using a serological pipette and centrifuge at 188 x g for 10 min at 4 °C. Discard the supernatant and resuspend the pellet in 10 mL of DMEM containing 10% FCS and 50 µg/mL gentamycin. Resuspend the pellet 20 times subsequently, using a 10 mL, 5 mL, 2 mL, 1 mL, and 200 µL pipette tip.
   2. Filter the cell suspension through a 100 µm cell strainer and centrifuge at 188 x g for 10 min at 4 °C. Discard the supernatant and resuspend the pellet with 4 mL of DMEM containing 10% FCS and 50 µg/mL gentamycin.
   3. Add 2 mL of the cell suspension to each of the two PLL- and laminin-coated 60 mm TC dishes, and incubate at 37 °C and 5% CO₂. Leave the plates untouched for 2 days in the incubator to protect the cells from mechanical stress and to support adherence.
7. Schwann cell differentiation
   1. After 2 days, remove the medium and carefully rinse the plates 2x with DMEM (high glucose), 10% FCS, and 50 µg/mL gentamycin. Afterward, add 2 mL of Schwann cell medium. Replace the Schwann cell medium every 2^nd day, and observe the cell appearance and confluency using a microscope.
      ​NOTE: Schwann cells and DRG explants need to be prepared in a timely, coordinated manner for the coculture. Make sure a rat with embryos at E 13.5 is available for DRG preparation when the Schwann cells are close to a confluency of 80%.
8. Cell trypsinization and magnetic separation
   NOTE: For exemplary pictures of different Schwann cell culture stages, see Supplementary Figure 1.
   1. When the cells reach a confluency of about 80% (6-12 days of culture), carefully wash the plates 2x with 3 mL of DPBS and incubate with 2 mL of 0.05% Trypsin/EDTA (prewarmed to 37 °C) for 3 min. When the cells detach from the plate bottom, inactivate digestion by the addition of 2 mL of DMEM with 10% FCS and 50 µg/mL gentamycin.
      NOTE: Stick to a trypsinization time of strictly 3 min, and proceed rapidly afterward.
   2. Resuspend the cell pellet in 2 mL of magnetic cell separation buffer containing DPBS with 0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 2 nM EDTA. Combine 10 µL of the cell suspension with 10 µL of trypan blue and count the cells using a staining chamber.
   3. Centrifuge the cell suspension at 188 x g for 10 min at 4 °C and resuspend the cell pellet in 90 µL of magnetic cell separation buffer per 1 x 10⁷ cells. Add 10 µL of Thy-1 microbeads per 1 x 10⁷ cells. Resuspend the solution a few times and incubate for 15 min in the dark at 8 °C.
   4. Add 2 mL of the magnetic cell separation buffer to the cell suspension and centrifuge at 300 x g for 10 min at 4 °C. Discard the supernatant and resuspend the pellet in 500 µL of magnetic cell separation buffer.
   5. Moisten the magnetic cell separation column with 1 mL of the magnetic cell separation buffer. Place the magnetic cell separation column in the magnetic cell separator. Apply the cells to the magnetic cell separation column. Collect the flow through and centrifuge at 300 x g at 4 °C for 10 min.
      ​NOTE: Fibroblasts are positively selected and remain in the column, while Schwann cells pass the column. Fibroblasts can be collected with a stamp (e.g., as a negative control for Schwann cell staining protocols).
   6. Discard the supernatant and resuspend the pellet in 1 mL of the coculture medium (see step 3.1.1). Count the cells after staining with trypan blue and a staining chamber.

2. DRG explant culture

1. DRG growth medium preparation
   1. Prepare DRG growth medium by adding 2% B27, 2% horse serum, 1% L-glutamine, 0.5% penicillin/streptomycin, and 10 ng/mL nerve growth factor (NGF) to the neurobasal medium. Store the growth medium at 4 °C.
      NOTE: The growth medium can be used for 2 days.
2. Coating for DRG explants
   1. Incubate the coverslips in 70% ethanol for 1 h and place in the wells of 4-well dishes using curved forceps. After the ethanol has dried, apply 300 µL of 0.2 mg/mL poly-D-lysine (PDL) per well and incubate overnight at 37 °C and 5% CO₂.
   2. Wash the coverslips 3x for 5 min each with DPBS consecutively. Take off the DPBS, apply 300 µL of 1 µg/mL laminin to the coverslips, and incubate overnight at 37 °C and 5% CO₂.
   3. After three washing steps with DPBS for 5 min, replace the DPBS with 190 µL of DRG growth medium. Place the 4-well plates into the incubator at 37 °C and 5% CO_2.
3. DRG preparation
   NOTE: Harvest the DRG of embryonic rats under a clean bench.
   1. Before preparation, clean all the instruments with 70% ethanol. Fill 10 (two per embryo) 35 mm TC dishes with 2 mL of ice-cold HBSS per dish, and two 100 mm TC dishes with 5 mL of ice-cold HBSS per dish.
   2. Euthanize the pregnant rats (adult female Sprague Dawley rats, E13.5) by CO₂ inhalation and decapitation.
   3. Spray the body with 70% ethanol and open the ventral torso of the rat. Carefully remove the uterus and place it into a 100 mm TC dish with ice-cold HBSS.
   4. Hold the uterus using curved forceps and open the uterus wall with fine forceps. Remove one amniotic sac and open it carefully by pinching a hole with fine forceps.
   5. Remove the embryo from the surrounding tissues, cut the umbilical cord, and decapitate the embryo using fine forceps. Place the torso into a 100 mm TC dish filled with HBSS using curved forceps and a spatula.
   6. Quickly remove all the embryos from the uterus and transfer them into one 100 mm TC dish filled with HBSS. If there are more than five embryos, prepare an additional 35 mm TC dish with 2 mL of HBSS, according to step 2.3.1.
   7. Gently place one embryo torso into a 35 mm TC dish filled with HBSS using a spatula and curved forceps. Under a stereomicroscope, open the dorsal part of the torso to divide the embryo into two halves using fine forceps and micro scissors. Turn one half to the side and identify the strand of DRG located in a line at the dorsal part of the embryo.
   8. Cut out the DRG as a whole strand using fine forceps and micro scissors. Place the DRG in a fresh 35 mm TC dish filled with 2 mL of HBSS, and separate a single DRG from the remaining tissue using fine forceps and micro scissors.
4. DRG cell culture
   1. Take 4-well plates containing 190 µL of DRG growth medium from the incubator to the clean bench where the DRG are to be prepared. Transfer a single DRG carefully into one well of a 4-well culture plate using fine forceps and a spatula. Place the DRG into the center of each well, since a central position is important for the attachment of the DRG.
   2. Work under sterile conditions from now on. Place the explant cultures in the incubator at 37 °C and 5% CO₂. The next day, add 50 µL of the DRG growth medium carefully to each well using a 100 mL pipette.
   3. Observe DRG explant adherence and axon outgrowth using a microscope daily, and discard DRG explants that have detached from the coverslip or failed to outgrow axons on day 3 of culture.
      ​NOTE: DRG explants are very fragile in the first days of culture and need to be handled with care, especially when moving the plates in and out of the incubator when the medium is changed, or even when closing the incubator door. The precise volume of 190 µL of medium per well is crucial to keep the DRG explants in place during the first day of culture. Loose DRG explants can be identified easily during the daily control, as they swim in the medium instead of adhering to the coverslip.

3. Coculture

1. Transfer of Schwann cells to the DRG explant culture
   1. Prepare the coculture medium by adding 0.1% ascorbic acid to the DRG growth medium.
   2. On day 3 of the DRG explant culture, carefully replace the DRG growth medium with 250 µL of the coculture medium containing 30,000 Schwann cells (from step 1.8) per well.
   3. Keep the coculture of the DRG explants and Schwann cells for up to 22 days. Replace 250 µL of the coculture medium carefully every other day, and observe the appearance of the cells using a microscope.
      NOTE: For an example of DRG axons and Schwann cells in the coculture in the first days of culture, see Figure 1.
2. Immunocytochemical staining
   NOTE: Handle the coculture samples extremely carefully during the staining procedure, since they can be damaged easily.
   1. To fix the cells on the coverslips, remove the medium slowly, wash 3x with DPBS carefully, and incubate in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) for 10 min. Replace the PFA with DPBS, and store the fixed cells at 4 °C for up to 1 week.
      CAUTION: When handling 4% PFA, wear the recommended personal protective equipment.
   2. Wash the coverslips 3x with DPBS for 5 min, then block with blocking solution (10% goat serum, 10% bovine serum albumin [BSA], 0.1% gelatin, and 0.05% Triton X-100) in DPBS for 1 h. Dilute the primary antibodies βIII-tubulin (1:7,500) and myelin basic protein (MBP) (1:750) in the blocking solution, and incubate overnight at 4 °C.
   3. Wash the cells 3x with DPBS for 5 min. Use fluorescent dye-conjugated secondary antibodies in a dilution of 1:1,000 in blocking solution, and incubate for 2 h at room temperature (RT).
   4. Wash the cells 3x with DPBS for 5 min, and mount the cells on microscopic slides with fluorescence mounting medium, including 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Store the slides in the dark at 4 °C until microscopic documentation.
      CAUTION: When handling fluorescence mounting medium, wear the recommended personal protective equipment.
3. Analysis
   1. Take pictures of eight defined regions surrounding the DRG explant in the center using an inverted microscope.
   2. Use an image analysis software application to quantify the areas of βIII-tubulin positive axons and myelination stained by MBP.
   3. Calculate the percentage of myelination as a ratio of the myelinated axons and non-myelinated axons.

Results

Myelination in the coculture was assessed on days 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20. The DRG explants and Schwann cells were stained for MBP, βIII-tubulin, and DAPI. The axonal network in the coculture was dense and did not change visibly in the time course of the observation. The first signs of myelin, in the form of small fragments, were detectable on day 10 and increased on day 12 (Figure 2). The MBP-positive areas increased over time until day 20 of culture. The myelination was quantified as a ...

Discussion

Here, we present a rapid and facile protocol for the generation of in vitro myelination by merging two separate cell type cultures, Schwann cells and dorsal root ganglion explants.

A critical step of the protocol is the cultivation of DRG explants, especially in the first days of culture. DRG are very fragile before a strong axonal network is built and must be handled very carefully, for example, when taken out of the incubator or during a change of medium. DRG that detach from the bo...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Anti-MBP, rabbit	Novus Biologicals, Centannial, USA	ABIN446360
Anti-ßIII-tubulin, mouse	Biolegend, San Diego, USA	657402
Ascorbic acid	Sigma Aldrich GmbH, Steinheim, Germany	A4403-100MG
B27-supplement	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Schwerte, Germany	17504-044
Biosphere Filter Tip, 100 µL	Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany	70760212
Biosphere Filter Tip, 1250 µL	Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany	701186210
Biosphere Filter Tip, 20 µL	Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany	701114210
Biosphere Filter Tip, 300 µL	Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany	70765210
Bovine serum albumin	Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany	8076.4
Cell strainer, 100 µM	BD Bioscience, Heidelberg, Germany	352360
Centrifuge 5810-R	Eppendorf AG, Hamburg, Germany	5811000015
CO2 Incubator Heracell	Heraeus Instruments, Hanau, Germany	51017865
Coverslips 12 mm	Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany	P231.1
Curved fine forceps	Fine Science Tools GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany	11370-42
DAPI fluoromount-G(R)	Biozol, Eching, Germany	SBA-0100-20
Dispase II	Sigma Aldrich GmbH, Steinheim, Germany	4942078001
Distilled water (Water Purification System)	Millipore, Molsheim, France	ZLXS5010Y
DMEM/F-12, GlutaMAX	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Schwerte, Germany	31331093
DPBS (no Ca2+ and no Mg2+)	Sigma Aldrich GmbH, Steinheim, Germany	D8537-6X500ML
Ethanol	VWR, Radnor, USA	1009862500
FCS	Sigma Aldrich GmbH, Steinheim, Germany	F7524	FCS must be tested for Schwann cell culture
Fine forceps (Dumont #5)	Fine Science Tools GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany	11252-20
Forceps	Fine Science Tools GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany	11370-40
Forskolin	Sigma Aldrich GmbH, Steinheim, Germany	F6886-10MG
Gelatin	Sigma Aldrich GmbH, Steinheim, Germany	G1393-20ML
Gentamycin	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Schwerte, Germany	5710064
Goat anti-mouse IgG Alexa Fluor 488	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Schwerte, Germany	A11036
Goat anti-rabbit IgG Alexa Fluor 568	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Schwerte, Germany	A11001
HBSS (no Ca2+ and no Mg2+)	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Schwerte, Germany	14170138
HERAcell Incubator	Heraeus Instruments, Hanau, Germany	51017865
Heraguard ECO 1.2	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Schwerte, Germany	51029882
Horse serum	Pan-Biotech, Aidenbach, Germany	P30-0712
Image J Software	HIH, Bethesda, USA
Laminin	Sigma Aldrich GmbH, Steinheim, Germany	L2020-1MG
Leibovitz´s L-15 Medium	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Schwerte, Germany	11415064
L-Glutamine 200 mM	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Schwerte, Germany	25030024
MACS Multistand	Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany	130042303
Microscissors	Fine Science Tools GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany	15000-08
Microscope	Motic, Wetzlar, Germany	Motic BA 400
Microscope Axio observer 7	Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany	491917-0001-000
Microscope slide	VWR, Radnor, USA	630-1985
MiniMACS separator	Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany	130091632
MS columns	Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany	130-042-201
Neubauer counting chamber	Assistant, Erlangen, Germany	40441
Neuregulin	Peprotech, Rocky Hill, USA	100-03
Neurobasal medium	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Schwerte, Germany	21103049
NGF	Sigma Aldrich GmbH, Steinheim, Germany	N1408
Normal goat serum	Biozol, Eching, Germany	S-1000
Nunclon Δ multidishes, 4 well	Sigma Aldrich GmbH, Steinheim, Germany	D6789
Paraformaldehyde	Acros Organics, New Jersey, USA	10342243
Penicillin/Streptomycin	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Schwerte, Germany	15140-122
Pipetboy	Eppendorf AG, Hamburg, Germany	4430000018
Pipettes	Eppendorf AG, Hamburg, Germany	2231300004
Poly-D-Lysin	Sigma Aldrich GmbH, Steinheim, Germany	P6407-5MG
Poly-L-Lysin	Sigma Aldrich GmbH, Steinheim, Germany	P4707-50ML
Reaction tubes, 15 mL	Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany	62554502
Reaction tubes, 50 mL	Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany	62547254
Reaction vessels, 1.5 mL	Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany	72690001
Safety Cabinet S2020 1.8	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Schwerte, Germany	51026640
Scissors	Fine Science Tools GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany	14083-08
Serological pipette, 10 mL	Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany	861254025
Serological pipette, 25 mL	Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany	861685001
Serological pipette, 5 mL	Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany	861253001
Spatula	Fine Science Tools GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany	10094-13
Stereomicroscope Discovery.V8	Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany	495015-0012-000
Surgical scissors	Fine Science Tools GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany	14007-14
TC dish 100, cell +	Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany	833902300
TC dish 35, cell +	Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany	833900300
TC dish 60, cell +	Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany	833901300
Thy-1 Microbeads (MACS Kit)	Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany	130-094-523
Triton X-100	Sigma Aldrich GmbH, Steinheim, Germany	X100-500ML
Trypan Blue Solution 0.4%	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Schwerte, Germany	15250061
Trypsin (2.5%), no phenol red	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Schwerte, Germany	15090-046
Trypsin-EDTA (0.05%), phenol red	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Schwerte, Germany	25300-054
Type I Collagenase	Sigma Aldrich GmbH, Steinheim, Germany	C1639
Water bath type 1008	GFL, Burgwedel, Germany	4285